7. What is a karyotype and how can it be used to find information about an indiv

Question

7. What is a karyotype and how can it be used to find information about an individual? Be sure to discuss all of the information that can be seen in a karyotype 8. Mendel's laws of inheritance predicted the outcome of inheritance before chromosomes had even been discovered. Use the outcomes of meiosis I and meiosis II to explain the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment. 9. Compare and contrast relationships between sister chromatids and between homologous chromosomes, including (A) how, where, and when they are formed, and (B) why each relationship is important in cell division (mitosis) and sexual reproduction (meiosis and reproduction). 10. How does a person's genotype relate to their homologous chromosomes?

Explanation / Answer

7. A karyotype is the micrograph of the complete diploid set of chromosomes grouped together in pairs, arranged in order of decreasing size. The term is also used for the complete set of chromosomes in a species or in an individual organism and for a test that detects this complement or measures the number. Therefore, it is photomicrograph of a dividing cells chromosomes.

It is used to identify chromosomal abnormalities such as Down Syndrome, Klinefelter's Syndrome, XXX and X (Turner's Syndrome), Deletion, Duplication, Translocation, Inversion etc. Sex cells with abnormal number of chromosomes due to nondisjunction can be detected by using a karyotype.

8. Mendel's law of independent assortment states that the alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another. the two copies of a gene carried by an organism (such as a Y and a yallele) are located at the same spot on the two chromosomes of a homologous pair. Homologous chromosomes are similar but non-identical, and an organism gets one member of the pair from each of its two parents. The physical basis for the law of independent assortment lies in meiosis I of gamete formation, when homologous pairs line up in random orientations at the middle of the cell as they prepare to separate.  Independent Assortment occurs in metaphase I whereas Segregation occurs in anaphase I when the homologous pairs of chromosomes separate. Segregation means that the chromosomes or any gene present on chromosome did not lose its identity or get mixed up with other genes. During gametogenesis it keeps its identity.
While independent assortment means that the chromosomes whether dominant or recessive after gametogenesis goes into any of the gametes i.e in simple language the movement of chromosomes is not affected by movement of other chromosomes

9. Homologous chromosomes are a pair of chromosomes, one maternal and one paternal, that come together during fertilization. They have the same centromere position, and the same genetic loci (genes); however the DNA sequence is not identical. Crossing over between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis generates genetic diversity in the offspring. Homologous chromosomes pair up along the midline during metaphase I of meiosis, and move apart during anaphase I.
Sister chromatids are the result of the replication of a single chromosome. They are identical in DNA sequence (apart from mutation or crossing over with a chromatid from a homologous chromosome). During metaphase of mitosis, chromosomes line up down the midline and sister chromatids separate during anaphase. In meiosis, sister chromatids separate during meiosis II.

10. Chromosomes that are paired during the production of of sex cells in meiosis. Such chromosomes are alike with regard to size and also position of the centromere. They also have the same genes, but not necessarily the same alleles, at the same locus or location. The genotype is the part of the genetic makeup of a cell, and therefore of any individual, which determines one of its characteristics (phenotype). It can also defined as the genetic constitution of an individual organism.

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