1.) Describe succinctly the starting and end products of the following: glycogen
ID: 1045578 • Letter: 1
Question
1.) Describe succinctly the starting and end products of the following: glycogenesis glycogenolysis -gluconeogenesis 2.) A person obtain from a meal 12 glucose molecules. How many total ATPs (direct and indirect) does this person will gain after a complete catabolic process (stage 1 to stage 3)? Explain from where each ATP was obtainedl 3.) In which steps (mention the initial and final products!) of the citric acid cycle do the GTP, NADH and FADH2 molecules are produced? Which enzymes are crucial for the production of these molecules? 4.) Describe the pertinent role of complex I, complex Il and ATP synthase in the electron transport chain system. Hint: Focus your efforts in the association of NADH, FADH2, free hydrogens (2H+) and energy production with the complexes! 5.) What are the steps of the citric acid cycle that CO2 molecules are produced? Mention the rucial enzymes that facilitate this process and the initial and final products in each step.Explanation / Answer
GLYCOGENESIS - It is the formation of glycogen from glucose.
Glycogen is synthesized depending on the demand for glucose and ATP (energy). If both are present in relatively high amounts, then the excess of insulin promotes the glucose conversion into glycogen for storage in liver and muscle cells. In the synthesis of glycogen, one ATP is required per glucose incorporated into the polymeric branched structure of glycogen. actually, glucose-6-phosphate is the cross-roads compound. Glucose-6-phosphate is synthesized directly from glucose or as the end product of gluconeogenesis.
GLYCOGENOLYSIS - glycogen stored in the liver and muscles, is converted first to glucose-1- phosphate and then into glucose-6-phosphate.
Glucose-6-phosphate is the first step of the glycolysis pathway if glycogen is the carbohydrate source and further energy is needed. If energy is not immediately needed, the glucose-6-phosphate is converted to glucose for distribution in the blood to various cells such as brain cells.
GLUCONEOGENESIS - Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources. The starting point of gluconeogenesis is pyruvic acid.
Gluconeogenesis is similar but not the exact reverse of glycolysis, some of the steps are identical in reverse direction and three of them are new ones. Without going into detail, the general gluconeogenesis sequence is given in the graphic on the left.
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