There are many symptoms surrounding allergic reactions, and occasionally, some c

Question

There are many symptoms surrounding allergic reactions, and occasionally, some conditions may include an accompanying a one to feel a bit confused or "dazed" How might you go about treating immediate (Type I) hypersensitivity? When a person has hayfever, some common symptoms arc runny nose, weeping eyes, difficulties in breathing, etc. (a) Why does this happen? (b)Antihistamines arc often given as treatment: what is their mechanism of action? (c) Describe how allergy shots might lessen the effects of type I hypersensitivity? Explain how monoclonal antibodies against IgE might help those that suffer from allergies. How would you test the relative importance of genetic influence on development of allergies compared with environmental influences on the development of allergy? List 3 specific inflammatory mediators (chemicals) involved in Type I hypersensitive reactions and briefly describe their effect. In the year 1900, the incident of allergy was about 1-2%. Today, it is almost 30%. Why has the prevalence of allergies in the population increased?

Explanation / Answer

1)- Epinephrine should be administered immediately to decrease mortality due to anaphylaxis.

- Intravenous fluids should be administered as blood pressure will rapidly fall

- Vasopressors can be used if no signs of improvement are seen from above measures.

- H1- and H2-receptor blockers are helpful in lowering the hypertension.

-Immediate transfer of patient to nearest hospital is preferred for effective and immediate care

- Immunotherapy can be used for sensitization of the individual towards known antigen

2)a) Immune system susceptible to possible pollen antigen over reacts and sends fills bloodstream with chemical like histamine and leukotrienes to the which causes the blockage of nasal passage and nose alter eyelids also gets inflamed causing sneezing, running nose and water eyes. All these reactions are done by body for trapping and blocking allergens by inflammation of nasal passage and expelling from by all means like by sneezing, running nose and water eyes.

b) Antihistamines treat hay fever by blocking the action of the chemical histamine that bind with the histamine receptors, thus blocking the ability of natural histamine to engage with these receptors.

c)Allergy shots includes small doses of allergen such as pollen of mosquito antigens these are given at doses at regular intervals these does will induce production of IgE, mast cells and basophills. These cells degranulate if sufficient antigen reacts with IgE antibodies and create a memory response for any future allergic reaction.

3) It allergen-specific IgE antibodies are produced dusting allergic reactions that bind to mast cells via a high-affinity FcRI receptors IgE antibodies on the surface of the mast cells recognize and bind it. If the allergen binds to two or more IgE antibodies simultaneously. This activates a signaling pathway that leads to degranulation of the mast cells and the release of histamine and other chemicals causing the perceptible allergic symptoms. Ige antibodies can be specific in creating symptoms against the allergic reaction and treatment by release of B cells and other antibodies

4) The development of allergies can be attributed by environmental and genetic factors. Most of hay fever reactions are believed by genetic the genes. Variance components analysis can be done to find the person affected are by environmental or genetic factors.

5) The majority of inflammatory mediatros include cytokines,interleukins and leukotrienes

cytokines produce lead to further recruitment of mast cells and eosinophils, and in plasma cell isotype switching to IgE which will bind to the mast cell FceRI receptors and prime the individual for further allergic responses.

Interlukin binding to the interleukin receptor binding to allergen, stimulates B cell growth and increases immunoglobulin secretion. It is also a key mediator in eosinophil activation.

leukotrienes are lipid mediators brings about enzymatic reaction causing the degranulation of allergens

6) Increased allergic reactions can be due to decreased in nutritional value and diet which affected the quality of resident bacteria which helps in preventing allergic reactions. Less amount of hygienic conditions also attributed to allergic reactions. Most of allergic reaction is due to lack of proper immune system most of allergic infections prevailing can be due to improper immune system.

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