1.Discuss the factors that contribute to the emergence of new pathogens or the r
ID: 97454 • Letter: 1
Question
1.Discuss the factors that contribute to the emergence of new pathogens or the re-emergence of pathogens previously thought to be controlled in human populations. 2.Describe the nonspecific defenses that operate when a disease-producing microorganism first enters the body.
3.Describe the various specific defense mechanisms that the immune system employs to combat various pathogens.
4.What is the role of the humoral response in immunity to influenza?
5.Describe the unique mechanisms each of the following pathogens have for escaping the immune response: (a) African trypanosomes, (b) Plasmodium species, and (c) influenza virus.
Explanation / Answer
Every infectious disease is an emerging infectious disease until it establishes itself as an endemic disease over a period of time. What makes a disease appear or increase in incidence are the factors or determinants of an infectious emerging disease. Historically, the first emerging infectious diseases are small pox, measles and influenza which occurred through movement of people across Pleistocene land bridges and later because of domestication of animals and living in close dense regions. Major factors are include agriculture and intensive production, antibiotic abuse, bioterrorism, blood transfusion, breakdown in public health measures, change in eating habits, change in food processing, change in storage techniques, deforestation, exotic pet-keeping, good documentation/research, improved diagnostic techniques, improved monitoring and surveillance, mass food processing, mixed farming, occupational exposure, trade and transportation, travel and tourism, urbanization, war and Xenobiotic transplantation.
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