B1. Pr ovide an interpretation of the data in Figure 1. How do the results suppo
ID: 96502 • Letter: B
Question
B1. Provide an interpretation of the data in Figure 1. How do the results support the needs of the birds? Also, use the table below on digestive enzymes to assist you in the interpretation of this graph.
B2) The production of some digestive enzymes is either turned off under certain dietary conditions (as in the bird study) or lost through evolution (as in the lactase video). Why would the loss of a digestive enzyme be an advantage? (One way you could think of this is to ask how natural selection can result in the absence of a trait.)
Carbohydrate digestion Protein digestion Nucleic acid digestion Fat digestion Oral cavity. pharynx Polysaccharides Disaccharides starch, ,yo)ucrose, lactosel) Salivary amylase maltose Stomach Proteins Pepsin Small polypeptides DNA, RNA sml inte Polysaccharides Lumen of small intes- tine Fat globules ansoluble irn water, fats aggregate as Pancreatic amylases Pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin (These proteases dleave bonds adjacent to certain amino acids Pancreatic nucleases Bile salts Maltose and other Fat droplets (A coating of bile salts prevents small drop- lets from coalescing into larger globules, increasing exposure to lpse) Smaller Nucleotides Pancreatic carboxypeptidase Pancreatic lipase Amino acids Glycerol, fatty acids, glycerides Epithelium of small intestine (brush border) Small peptides Nucleotidases Dipeptidases, carboxypeptidase, and aminopeptidase (These prote ases split off one amino acid at a time, work ng from opposite ends of a polypeptide ) Disaccharidases Nucleosidases and phosphatases Amino acids bases sugars, phosphatesExplanation / Answer
In figure 1 : there is an elaborate discussion of the enzymes involved in digestion. The first column shows the breakdown of polysaccharides into smaller molecules such as maltose, occurring in the oral cavity and esophagus. The next step of digestion occurs in the the stomach, where digestion of protein occurs, by the action of pepsin. The next step of digestion occurs in th lumen of the small intestine where polysaccharides, by the action of pancreatic amylase; polypeptides, by the action of of trypsin and chymotrypsin; nuclei acids , by the action of pancreatic nucleases; and fat globules, by the action of bile salts and pancreatic lipase are broken down. The last step occurs in the small intestine where disaccharides are broken down into monosaccharides, peptides into amino acids and nucleosides into phosphates and nitrogenous bases and sugar.
When birds are fed with fruit based diet, the activity of the amylases are higher. When insect based food is fed, the activity of proteases, I.e. Trypsin and chymotrypsin is higher. When insects and seeds are fed, the activity of the lipase would be high.
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