Briefly state the role microorganisms play in each of the following: a. vaccine

Question

Briefly state the role microorganisms play in each of the following: a. vaccine production b. biofilms c. Normal microbiota d. sewage treatment e. human insulin production Why do you think penicillin is no longer as effective as it once was? Why are biofilms important? Why is the prevention of biofilms important in a health care environment? Why are bacterial capsules medically important? Use the terms species, culture, clone, and strain in one sentence to describe growing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Why wouldn't the definition of a viral species work for a bacterial species? A patient with a heart pacemaker received therapy for streptococcal bacteremia (bacteria in the blood). One month later, he was treated for recurrence of the bacteremia. When he returned six weeks later, again with bacteremia, the physician recommended replacing the pacemaker. Why did this cure his condition? Could humans/eukaryotic cells exist on chemically defined media, at least under laboratory conditions? Explain your answer. Give at least three reasons why a bacterial colony does not grow an infinite size, or at least fill the confines of the plate. Why is it generally easier to determine the cause of pneumonia than it is to determine the cause of a wound infection (cutting yourself with a knife)? What is the difference between the term bacillus and Bacillus? How would you be able to identify streptococci through a microscope? Describe the structure and function of each of the following glycocalyx, flagella, fimbriae, and axial filaments. Give one reason how each structure would give the microorganism a survival advantage against the human immune system and or against antibiotics. What determines the result of Gram Staining? Why is it important? Describe the bacterial cell wall from superficial to deep.

Explanation / Answer

53. Vaccine production
Vaccine produce against the virus related disease in humans and animals. The microorganisms converted into weak or killed forms or surface proteins are used as antigens. This inactivated microorganisms not harmful to humans but it activates the acquired immunity.

Biofilms
The group of same or different microorganisms are grown on any surface. It secretes gluelike substance that can stick to all kinds of materials. It is used in bioremediation the group of microorganisms degrade the toxic chemical to less harmful to environment.

Normal Microbiota
The microorganisms normally present in the body of all humans and it not cause any disease to humans. it is very important to maintain the good health for the persons. For example E.coli present in gastrointestinal tract from after birth and plays a important role in digestion.

Sewage treatment
In secondary treatment the microorganisms are used to consume the major portion of organic matter in effulent. The organic matter are oxidized by bacteria and decrease the pollunting chemicals.

Human insulin production
The cloned vector contains the gene of interest insulin are inserted into the microorganisms (host) like bacteria or yeast. It started to increase the number of copies of protein molecules inside the cells are harvested and used for commercial purpose.

54. The microorganism get resistance agaist the antibotics periodically and stores that mechanism in plasmid. Microorganism always compete with this Antibiotics and undergoes mutation against this mechanism and started to survie.

55. Biofilms secretes matrix where cells are gets attached here. This matrix impedes the normal function of antibodies of immune systems.

Biofilms makes a serious health care problems like it grows on implanted medical devices like catheters, pacemakers and joint prosthetics. This leads to infection in persons and causes disease.

56. Bacterial capsule are medically important because it is resiatant to white blood cells it prevent phagocytic by macrophages.

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