How the vasomotor reflexes (blood vessels) maintain: BP, O2 and CO2 levels (Make
ID: 91894 • Letter: H
Question
How the vasomotor reflexes (blood vessels) maintain: BP, O2 and CO2 levels (Make sure you discuss the receptor, the control center and the instructions going to the effector) How the respiratory reflexes maintain: O2 and CO2 levels and blood pH (Make sure you discuss the receptor, the control center and the instructions going to the effector). How does a respiratory reflex aid in respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis? How the pre-capillary sphincter changes to keep local levels of O2, CO2 and pH constant at local levels at the peripheral tissues/cells Know how why EPO would be released, where its released from and what it does at its target site (production of RBCs to aid in O2 levels). Know how blood flows through the pulmonary and systemic circuits. Know the major arteries and veins coming into and out of the heart. Know the chambers and valves. Be able to graph a neuronal action potential and show where the 2 phases are on the graph, the names of those phases and where the channels open or close on the graph. Also, are the ions flowing into or out of the cell. Be able to graph a cardiac action potential and show where the 3 phases are on the graph, the names of those phases and where the channels open or close on the graph. Also, are the ions flowing into or out of the cell. Choose 2 cells, tissues, or organs. State a function performed by this cell, tissue or organ and then explain what structural feature of this cell, tissue or organ allows for this particular function. The cells, tissues or organs should be from different organ systems. Ex. The stomach is able to expand and hold food until its ready to move into the small intestine. The stomach is able to expand greatly due to rugae. Rugae are longitudinal folds of the mucosa and submucosa tunics. (You may not use this example on the exam)Explanation / Answer
Vasomotor impact to CO2 and O2
The control center of respiration process is located in Medulla oblongata of brain, which automatically releases the impulse to the diaphragm and the pulmonary muscles associated with rib cage. During relax position the diaphragm is dome-shaped, As soon as it receives stimulation it contracts and lowers. Simultaneously the ribs also moves up and down ward position.
The increase in size of thoracic cavity and increase in air pressure causes the expansion of lungs lowers and immediately rebalance mechanism starts and air enters through nose. If respiratory centers do not send stimulatory nerve impulse, the diaphragm as well as rib cage returns to its original position causing exhalation.
Chemoreceptors located in medulla oblongata at adjacent position of respiratory centers are sensitives to carbon di oxide content present in blood. Chemoreceptors present in aorta and carotid arteries are sensitive to both CO2 and pH level of blood. The CO2 level of blood is inversely proportional to pH level of blood. The rises in concentration of CO2 or lowering of pH level, stimulates respiratory centers in medulla oblongata causing the increase in breathing rate.
It is to note the concentration of Oxygen (O2) in blood does not affect directly the activity of respiratory center but for the Carbon di oxide do.
Vasomotor impact to Blood pressure
The force exerted by blood to the wall of vessels (artery and veins) is called as blood pressure. This force is created by heartbeat due to systolic and diastolic event. The average arterial blood pressure averages about 100 mm Hg, which changes from birth to ageing, this alteration is due to loss of elasticity and narrowing of arterial diameter.
Blood pressure in artery rises with the rise in volume of blood and if there is decrease in cross sectional area of arteries. The cardiac regulatory center or vasomotor center for the blood pressure is located in medulla oblongata in brain.
Sympathetic neurons, which are under the control of regulatory centers are responsible for increase in heart beat and construction of arteries. An increase in heart beat can increase in blood content in arteries temporarily.
The impulse received from press-receptors can activate vasomotor center. These press-receptors are located in the aorta and carotid arteries. If there is decrease in blood volume the press-receptors are stimulated and nerve impulse are send to vasomotor center causing eth rise in blood pressure. Vasomotor center are very effective during decreasing blood pressure caused by Haemorrhage condition causing liver, spleen and veins to contract and send more blood into the arteries.
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