1. Which of the following definitions of ‘life’ is correct? a) Life is composed
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Question
1. Which of the following definitions of ‘life’ is correct? a) Life is composed of inorganic matter that can reproduce and undergo natural selection b) Life is composed of organized matter that can sexually reproduce and remain constant over time c) Life is composed of organized matter that is capable of undergoing reproduction and natural selection d) Life is composed of autotrophic matter that can self-replicate and remain constant over time
2. Prokaryotes can adapt to rapid changes in environment because: a) they have such short generation times b) they can form endospores c) nothing can limit their population growth d) they are motile e) all of the above
3. Which of the following sets of life forms all possess mitochondria a) Archaea and Bacteria b) Fungi and Archaea c) Animals (Metazoa) and Plants d) Fungi, Animals (Metazoa) and Bacteria e) Animals (Metazoa) and Archaea
4. Which of the following are NOT metazoans (animals) a) arthropods b) invertebrates c) vertebrates d) prokaryotes e) insects
5. Which life cycle phase is dominant in angiosperms? a) gametophyte b) archegonia c) microsporangia d) megasporangia e) sporophyte
6. Which of the following is NOT a trend in the evolutionary specialisation of land plants a) Increasing dominance of sporophyte generation b) Decreasing dependence on water for reproduction c) Development of structural specialisation that allow increased plant size d) Development of non-photosynthetic fungi as an evolutionary offshoot of plants e) Development of various forms of flowers and complex interactions with insects
7. All animals and plants share a number of traits. One of these is a) autotrophy b) a cell wall c) mitochondria d) chloroplasts e) all of the above
8. The multicellular body plans of different animals, plants and fungi a) are the products of convergent evolution b) consist of multiple genotypes c) are always produced asexually d) can be used to classify these multicellular organisms e) are invariable between individuals
9. The carrying capacity of populations will often be determined by: a) access to mates b) parasitism c) competition for resources d) the breeding rate e) predation
10. Keystone species are: a) predators that sit at the top of the food-chain b) the most abundant species in the community and therefore have the strongest effect on community dynamics c) species that have a strong effect on community dynamics relative to their abundance d) typically at the bottom of the food-chain e) more abundant in late succession communities
Explanation / Answer
1. Life is composed of organized matter from the simplest to the most complex that includes: organelle, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystem and biosphere. Life is capable of reproducing either sexually or asexually and it undergoes natural selection that helps in evolution of a species. So, the correct option is option C, life is composed of organized matter that is capable of undergoing reproduction and natural selection.
2. Prokaryotes adapt rapidly to changes in their environment through evolution by natural selection. As their generation time or doubling time is less, mutations that confer greater fitness become established quickly. So, the correct option is option A, because they have such short generation times.
3. Mitochondria is absent in prokaryotes like bacteria, archaea, and blue-green algae. They are present in the living eukaryotic cells like fungi, plants, and animals. So, the correct option is option C, animals (metazoa) and plants.
4. Metazoans include all those multicellular, eukaryotic animals that have a body made up of differentiated cells that are arranged into tissues and organs. Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that do not have differentiated cells. So, the correct option is option D, prokaryotes.
5. Gametophyte is the sexual haploid multicellular phase in the alteration of generations of plants. Archegonium is the multicellular structure of the gametophyte phase that produces and contains the ovum. Microsporangium is a structure that contains microspores that form the male gametes. Megasporangium produces megasporocytes that form the megaspores. A sporophyte stage is the dominant, diploid, multicellular phase in the life cycle of angiosperms. So, the correct option is option E, sporophyte.
7. Plants are autotrophs (can synthesize its own food material) but animals are heterotrophs that depend on autotrophs for food material. Plants have a cell wall but animal cells do not have a cell wall. Chloroplasts are present in plants and photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts. Animal cells do not have chloroplasts. Mitochondria, an organelle in which respiration and energy production occur is present in both plants and animals. So, the correct option is option C, mitochondria.
9. Carrying capacity is the maximum population size of a species sustained indefinitely by the environment given food, water, space and other necessities are available in the environment. Population size decreases if there is insufficiency in factors like space, food and water supply etc. These factors are known as the regulating factors. So, the correct option is option C, competition for resources.
10. A keystone species is described as a plant or animal species that plays a critical role in maintaining the ecological community structure. These species have a disproportionately large effect on their environment relative to their abundance. These keystone species help in determining the numbers and types of other species in the community. So, the correct option is option C, species that have a strong effect on community dynamics relative to their abundance.
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