Transfer of DNA among bacteria can lead to antibiotic resistance in different st

Question

Transfer of DNA among bacteria can lead to antibiotic resistance in different strains. Give the names of the three most common ways in which DNA is transferred among bacteria Antibiotics are toxic to most prokaryotes, and target many different structures and processes associated with these organisms. Name three processes or structures in prokaryotes that are typical targets of antibiotics Mutations in bacterial chromosomes and antibiotic resistant genes on plasmids (sometimes called R plasmids) can provide cells with antibiotic resistance. Name three mechanisms by which bacteria can resist (i.e. not be affected by) antibiotics Many students confuse the process of "diffusion" with that of "osmosis". In a couple of sentences, describe the differences between these two processes. Below are descriptions of different membrane-associated proteins. For each description, write the most appropriate name given to that type of structure. A protein the crosses both layers of the plasma membrane:______________ A channel protein that allow s water to flow in and out of a cell:_________________ A protein that binds to a solute to facilitate its passive transport:__________________ A protein that couples the favorable passive transport of one solute with the unfavorable active transport of another solute:__________________________ A channel protein that acts as a pore to facilitate transport of ions:__________________ A membrane protein with a polysaccharide attached:__________________ 98% of cells in a multicellular organism are fully differentiated, while about 2% are stem cells (at various levels of differentiation). In one sentence, explain why you think so many cells are differentiated, and why some must remain undifferentiated.

Explanation / Answer

8) In bacteria, the DNA transfer between bacteria can occur in 3 ways. They are,

Transformation: After the death of bacteria, their cell lyse and release DNA into the environment. When other bacteria come into contact with his DNA, they take them and incorporate this DNA into their own DNA and a new recombinant DNA is formed. This is called as transformation.

Transduction: In transduction, the gene transfer takes place between bacteria with the help of bacteriophage either through lytic or lysogenic cycle. In lytic cycle, the phage DNA after getting incorporated into host DNA directs the biosynthesis of viral parts. Many phage particles are released after rupture of bacterial cell. In lysogenic cycle, the phage DNA gets integrated with the host DNA and passed on from generation to generation.

Conjugation: It takes place through plasmids. Antibiotic resistance between bacteria are usually transmitted by conjugation.

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