The action potential is a combined electrical and chemical process that permits

Question

The action potential is a combined electrical and chemical process that permits information transmission from one location in a nervous system to another. Explain (1) the nature of voltage gated ion channels as they pertain to the action potential; (2) the role of sodium in the action potential; (3) the role of potassium in the action potential and finally explain how the absolute refractory period of the membrane explains the directionality of the action potential in an axon. Synaptic Transmission: The synapse communicates the information from one neuron to another in the nervous system. Explain (1) messenger by which chemical synapses effect this the

Explanation / Answer

Ans-14(1)

Volatage-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins which form ion channels that is activated by changes in electrical potential near the channel. These changes alters induces conformatinal changes in channel proteins which regulates the opening and closing of theses channel.

ans 14(2)-

Flow of Na+ ions inside exon leads to increase in the positive charge inside the exon. This leads to very rapid and large change in membrane potential from -60 mV (resting potential) to +30 mV (action potential) in a millisecond. This reaults into depolarisation of the adjacent region of the exon.

14(3) ans

As the action potential spreads , the membrane potential repolarizes due to K+ channel opening and sodium ion channel inactivation. Due to opening of pitassium ion channel potential ion flows outward so the membrane potential returns to the resting level (-70 mV).

Ans-15(1)

Chemical synapses-The space between pre- and post-synaptic neuron is called synaptic cleft or synapse. In pre-synaptic terminal some membrane bound organelles called synaptic vesicles are present. These vesicles are filled with neurotransmittera such as acetylcholine. These neurotransmittr's act as a messengers between the communicating neurons (or from one neuron to another) .

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