Describe the steps of bacterial conjugation. Be sure to answer the following wit
ID: 85437 • Letter: D
Question
Describe the steps of bacterial conjugation. Be sure to answer the following within your answer. What happens in each step? How is the antibiotic resistance gene being transferred between bacteria? Why is it important to dilute the potato salad prior to culturing it? Bacteria use what to breakdown disaccharides? Fermentation and respiration are two processes that allow microorganisms to produce ATP for energy. Which of 0.5pt these processes produces more energy for the cell? In exercise 16, we look at the ability of three bacteria to metabolize various sugars. How do we determine that the 0.5pt bacteria are able to metabolize a given sugar?Explanation / Answer
1) Bacterial conjugation is a process in which the genetic information from one bacteria is transferred to, and recombined with, that of other bacteria In conjugation direct between the donor and recipient bacteria leads to establishment of a cytoplasmic bridge between them and transfer of one part or all of the donor genome to the recipient.
Steps of bacterial conjugation
Donor cell ( with the antibiotic resistance) creates a pilus to connect with a recipient cell (without the antibiotic resistance).
The plasmid is cut by a Relaxosome at a place called the Origin of Transfer, this contains the preferred DNA.
Accessory proteins of the Relaxosome are released but a portion of the relaxosome, called the relaxase remains attached to the DNA.
The DNA and relaxase are predictable by a coupling factor which brings the DNA to the pilus. and DNA are transferred to the recipient cell.
Relaxase connects the two ends of the DNA and the DNA replicates making a plasmid.
2) bacteria grows in many of the foods unite with mayonnaise like potatoes, pasta, eggs etc. Bacteria need six things to grow. The growth of bacteria required all necessary nutrients, the proper concentration of salts and ions, the proper pH , moisture, gas requirement, temperature. Bacteria needs protein to grow, so really opposing against them for food. Most bacteria do not like an acidic environment, so they tend to grow on foods that have a higher pH, like potatoes. bacteria have all the things Food, lots of proteins and starches to consume. Acidity- while the actual mayonnaise itself is a little on the acidic side, it’s not sufficient to stop bacteria from growing. all the foods it’s mixed with are low-acid foods that are perfect for bacterial growth.
3) Bacteria have an intracellular transport system and able to produce the enzyme -galactosidase (also known as lactase). This enzyme breaks down lactose into -galactose and glucose, which can then be metabolized to produce energy.
4) Respiration is a process, in living organisms involving the production of energy, with the intake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide from the oxidation of complex organic substances. Anaerobic respiration is used mainly by bacteria and Achaea that live in environments devoid of oxygen.
The chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat. After the completion of Glycolysis, the cell has a little ATP and a pair of metabolites called Pyruvate . In the presence of oxygen the cell will undergo Aerobic Respiration. In an anaerobic environment without supply of oxygen, the cell will do Fermentation. Cellular respiration (both aerobic and anaerobic) utilizes highly reduced chemical compounds .Respiration process produces more energy than fermentation. Respiration occurs in both cytoplasm and mitochondria and produces more energy(2+36) ATP in the presence of oxygen, but in fermentation occurs in bacteria and yeast produces less amount of energy that is in cytoplasm.
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