1-According to the text, “The nature of the autonomic nervous system is importan
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Question
1-According to the text, “The nature of the autonomic nervous system is important to our understanding of stress. The sympathetic division was designed to deal with emergencies that could be resolved relatively quickly. Our ancestors either escaped that lion or they did not. Worrying about far distant dangers is a luxury that human beings did not have until quite recently.” Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Explain your reasoning. What are the physical consequences of “worrying about far distant dangers?
2- You reach for a pot on the stove but it is much too hot, causing your hand to quickly withdraw from the handle. Explain how information traveled from your hand to your spinal cord.by describing the steps involved in generating and transmitting an action potential, and the steps involved in neuronal communication following the action potential.
3- Psychologists have described the human nervous system as the communication and control center for the body. The nervous system allows us to take in information from the environment, communicate the information to different parts of the body, and coordinate the body's response. The nervous system itself is made up of neurons, or nerve cells, that communicate with each other by receiving and transmitting electrochemical signals, called neurotransmission. All human behavior is made possible by the activity of individual neurons working together in the nervous system. Think about a simple action you do every day, like answering your phone. When you perform this routine act, what are the individual neurons in your nervous system doing to make it possible?
In a multi-paragraph essay, explain how the activity of individual neurons enables you to perform a simple action like answering your phone. Be sure to describe the main parts of a neuron, explain the unique function of each part, and describe how neurons use electrochemical signals for neurotransmission. Include details from class materials, readings, and research on the nervous system to support your discussion.
Explanation / Answer
A neuron is the basic unit of nervous system. A neuron processes and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals. A neuron is divided into three parts. The center of the neuron or the cell body , the axon and the dendrites. The cell body conducts all activities of neuron. It contains nucleus, ER, ribosomes and mitichondria. If the cell body dies, neuron also dies. Dendrites are short fibres which receive messages from other neurons and relay those messages to the cell body.The axon is a single long fiber that transmits messages from cell body to dendrites of other neurons.Axon is covered with myelin sheath , which helps in faster transmission of nerve impulse along the axon.Brain and spinal cord neurons are not myelinated.
Neurotransmission also called as synaptic transmission is a process in which neurotransmitters are released by a neuron and bind to and activate the receptors of another neuron. Neurotransmission is essential for the communication between neurons. Synapses are connections between neurons through which information flows from one neuron to another.The interconnected neurons release neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft., that is the small gap between neurons.For this to happen an action potential has to be produced. The action potential begins at the end of the axon and travels down the terminal buttons. These terminal buttons contain the synaptic vessels that store neurotransmitters. The neuron transmitting the message (presynaptic neuron) releases neurotransmitters that transmit a message to postsynaptic neuron (that receives the message).
When the action potential reaches terminal buttons, the depolarisation causes Ca2+ channels to open on the presynaptic membrane. Ca2+ enters into the cell and binds with the membrane of synaptic vesicles . The vesicle sbreak and release the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. Release of neurotransmitters serve an important purpose that is, it allows ions to pass through the postsynaptic membrane and produce poostsynaptic potentials.If Na+ moves into the cell it causes depolarisation of postsynaptic neuron and results in excitatory potential. Here neurotransmitter acts like a chemical messenger., linking action potential of one neuron with the synaptic potential of another.
2. When a hot pot is touched , a response is reated in the body. The skin receptors send nerve impulses to the spinal cord or CNS via sensory neurons. The nerve impulses move from sensory neurons to motor neurons, that project out of the spinal cord to stimulate the muscles to ontract, which causes the person to snatch the hand away.
There are interneurons that carry the impulse from sensory neuron to motor neurons. As the neuron travels down the neurons, the synapse acts as a bridge. The signal arrives at the end of one neuron as an electrical signal and crosses the synapse as an chemical signal. and again continues as electrical signal in next neurom.
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