Lab study B. Developing Hypotheses As questiums are asked. an wet them hy prnpor
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Lab study B. Developing Hypotheses As questiums are asked. an wet them hy prnporna passible evplanatic alled hyperth- eses. A hyl tentatively evplain" based on this quest own mig eflective than I Tin repelling ins" possible esplanativn that the e compares the difference in efficacy plant extracts and DEET A scientifically useful hypnthess mun betestalle,nd fal fiahe table tobe false). To satisfy the requirement that a hypetheus be falsifahle.it must be possible that the test results do not support t explanation. In our example, the experiment might be to spray one arm with plant extracts and the other with Then place mosquitoes bite both arms with frequencyor the DEET arm has fewer then the has been Erm ests can be falsified, it can never be proved true. The evidence from an inves tigation can only provide support for the hypothesis. In our there are fewer bites on the arm with plant extracts than on the DEET-treated the evidence. hypothesis been been supported by other explanations still must be excluded, and evidence m additional experiments and observations esisata later date. In science, seldom does a single test provide results that clearly support or falsify a hypothesi In most cases, the evidence serves to is. modify the hypothesis or the conditions of the experiment. Science is a way of knowing about the natural world (Moore. 1993 that involves testing hypotheses or explanations. The scientific method can be applied to the unusual and the commonplace. You use the scientific method when you inves- tigate why your once-white socks are now blue. Your hypothesis might be that your blue jeans and socks were washed together, an assertion that can be tested through observations and experimentation. Students often think that controlled experiments are the only way to test a hypothesis. The test of a hypothesis may include experimentation, additional observations, or the synthesis of information from a variety of sources. Many scientific advances have relied on other procedures and information to test hypotheses. For example, James Watson and Francis Crick developed a model that was their ypothesis for the structure of DNA. Their model could only be supported if the accumulated data from a number of other scientists were consistent with the model. Actually, their first model (hypothesis) was falsified by the work of Rosalind Franklin. Their final model was tested and supported not only by the ongoing work of Franklin and Maurice Wilkins but also by research previously published by Erwin Chargaff and others. Watson and Crick won the Nobel Prize for their scientific work. They did not perform a controlled experiment in the laboratory but tested their powerful hypothesis through the use ofexist- ing evidence from other research. Methods other than experimentation are acceptable in testing hypotheses. Think about other areas of sciencethat require comparative observations and the accumulation of data from a vari ety of sources, all of which must be consistent with and support hypotheses or else be inconsistent and falsify hypothesesExplanation / Answer
PART 1:
1. Cases have been reported when pets like cats and dogs get allergic reaction by staying with humans. This happens because they are allergic to human dancers. Human dancers are basically hair, skin flakes etc. Since some humans are sensitive to pet dander it also makes sense that pets can be allergic to human danders. It’s not always a direct reaction. Usually pets get secondary infection by scratching the site which has come in contact with human dander. The IgE levels against human dander can be detected and the treatment done vis immunotherapy or regular administration of antihistamines. Thus, a hypothesis can be proposed that cats can also get allergic reaction due to human dancers.
2. Nowadays obesity has become a serious public health issue. The occurrence of high body mass index status in children aged 2-19 years has increased to 32% in the year 2006 from nearly 15% in the 1970’s. Obesity is detrimental to the child’s health as it can increase the risk of type II diabetes, high blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases and various other psychological problems. If parks and recreational programs are located close to children’s houses, it increases the likelihood of physical activity which will help reduce obesity and keep them fit. Research suggests that presence of parks in neighborhood or schools significantly influence child’s physical activity and health outcomes. Higher proximity to park space has been significantly associated with BMI reduction and thus increases fitness and decreases psychological problems too. Thus, the hypothesis can be proposed that proximity of neighborhood parks can have effect on children health.
PART 2:
1. It has been found that after consuming a heavy meal, the heart of a python doubles its mass within a day. The triglyceride levels also increase by 50-fold in its bloodstream. Its metabolic rate, lipid and insulin production increase too. The python’s organs then shrink back to its realize without any loss in newly produced muscle mass. Research has been done to elucidate this rapid increase and decrease in python’s heart size and three catalytic breakthrough fatty acids have been found in the plasma of well-fed pythons which are myristic acid, palmitic acid and palmitoleic acid (python/snake oil). This particular cocktail is very significant in tissue growth and can also be tried in mammals who have heart failure or cardiac hypertrophy. Thus, the hypothesis can be proposed that snake oil from pythons can be used to build heart muscle.
2. Obese women are more likely to have children who develop autism that normal weight women. This hypothesis is not completely true as research shows that obese women who have diabetes are usually more than 4 times likely to give birth to children having autism. High glycemic index along with obesity cause a neurodevelopmental disorder known as autism in the children. Hence this hypothesis stands falsified.
3. A French based study has shown that people having tattoos and piercing are more likely to drink than their tattoo less peers. The research had nearly 3000 young men and women and came up with results in favor of the statement as mentioned above. But it has been cautioned that doctors should not stereotype the individuals having tattoos as heavy drinkers. Hence the hypothesis can be proposed that people with tattoo and piercing are more likely to drink compared to their tattoo less peers.
4. Modern birds have descended from a group of two legged dinosaurs called Theropods which had members like tyrannosaurus rex and velociraptors. The theropods which were more closely related to avian weighed between 100-500 pounds; had large snouts, less space between ears and big teeth. Scientists have developed a theory known as "hopeful monsters" to describe this evolutionary metamorphosis. As per this theory, major evolutionary leaps need genetic changes on a large scale which are qualitatively different from the regular modifications in a species. Thus the hypothesis can be proposed that birds evolved from bipedal dinosaurs called theropods.
5. Researchers at Stanford School of Medicine have shown that women taking aspirin on a regular basis have reduced risk of developing melanoma. Results have shown that the longer women were taking aspirin, lower was their risk. Aspirin prevents melanomas via its anti-inflammatory effects. Thus the hypothesis can be proposed that women taking adpirin have reduced melanoma risk.
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