answer only question no. 5 How NADPH is produced in animal cell? What are the so
ID: 83808 • Letter: A
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answer only question no. 5
How NADPH is produced in animal cell? What are the sources of NADPH in Plant Cell? How many ATP molecules are generated from NADH produced during glycolysis in brain and liver? Give proper explanation. How Isozymes give advantages in metabolism? What are the pathophysiological effects of loss of function mutation of Glycogen phosphorylase and Glycogen synthase? How C-AMP regulate the activity of Glycogen phosphorylase? Pyruvate is one of the most important intermediate in the metabolism: Explain 4 fates of pyruvate in the carbohydrate metabolism. What is glyoxalate cycle? Explain why it is important for plant? Why animal does not have Glyoxalate cycle? How Dark phase of photosynthesis is regulated by light? Explain what is photorespiration? Explain CAM pathway of Photosynthesis. What is Glycogenin? What is Thermogenin? What is brown fat? Why it is called brown fat? What is the action of oligomycin?Explanation / Answer
Answer 5.
Glycogenin is an primer enzyme in the glycogen synthesis process. It is a homodimer of 37-kDa subunits and is classified as a glycosyltransferase. Glycogen synthesis process starts from the Glucose-6-phosphate and forms Uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP- glucose). Further this reaction takes place:
UDP-glucose + Glycogen (N residue) ------> UDP + Glycogen (N+1 residue).
In above reaction glycogen synthase takes place. Glycogen synthase can add glucose residue only if the polysaccharide chain already contains more than four residues. Thus the glycogen synthesis requires primers. This priming function carried out by the glycogenin. Glycogenin is a protein composed of two identical subunits, each bearing an oligosaccharide made up of few glucose units linked by alpha-1, 4 glucosidic linkage. Each subunit of glycogenin catalyzes the addition of few glucose units to its partner in the glycogenin dimer.
Thermogenin is an uncoupling agent which uncouple oxidation from phosphorylation. It is found in the mitochondria of brown adipose tissue (BAT) that functions to generate body heat, particularly for the new born and during hibernation in animals.
Brown fat or Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is one of two types of fat that humans and other mammals have. BAT is especially abundant in newborns and in hibernating mammals but also present in adult humans, and its prevalence decreases as humans age. Its primary function is thermoregulation. In addition to heat produced by shivering muscle, BAT produces heat by non-shivering thermogenesis. Because of this new born does not shiver during cold.
White adipocytes, or white fat cells, have a single lipid droplet, but brown adipocytes contain many small lipid droplets, and a high number of iron-containing mitochondria. It is this high iron content that gives brown fat its dark red to tan color. So it is called brown fat.
An antibiotic oligomycin blocks ATP synthesis by blocking the flow of protons through F0 of ATP synthase which is necessary for oxidative phosphorylation of ADP to ATP (energy production). (subscript '0' denotes its inhibition by oligomycin). The inhibition of ATP synthesis by oligomycin A will significantly reduce electron flow through the electron transport chain; however, electron flow is not stopped completely due to a process known as proton leak or mitochondrial uncoupling.
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