It is not always obvious whether a given result is actually a “linkage ratio”, o

Question

It is not always obvious whether a given result is actually a “linkage ratio”, or is just due to random chance variation from the ratio seen when genes are actually on separate chromosomes. To determine for sure that the results seen represent a linkage ratio, we may need to do a ___12__ test. When doing this test, we need to compare our data set against a hypothesis – the hypothesis used is always one of ___13__. Two difficulties arise in applying this test properly: The first is determining the degrees of freedom (df) for the data set. In general, the df is ___14__. Thus for a data set with two classes of progeny (for example, recombinant or parental), the df would be ___15__. For a data set with 4 classes of progeny (for example, A-B-, A-bb, aaB-, and aabb) the df would be ___16__. The second difficulty is interpreting the result. The result of this test is a probability: specifically, the probability that any differences between your data set and the hypothesis are due to random chance. Thus, if the result of the number crunching is 0.85, the data you have obtained (17: is/is not) due to linkage; if the resulting probability is 0.5, the data (18: is/is not) due to linkage; if the resulting probability is 0.1, the data (19: is/is not) due to linkage. When the probability becomes less than ___20__, at that point you can conclude that the data (21: is/is not) due to linkage. It is not always obvious whether a given result is actually a “linkage ratio”, or is just due to random chance variation from the ratio seen when genes are actually on separate chromosomes. To determine for sure that the results seen represent a linkage ratio, we may need to do a ___12__ test. When doing this test, we need to compare our data set against a hypothesis – the hypothesis used is always one of ___13__. Two difficulties arise in applying this test properly: The first is determining the degrees of freedom (df) for the data set. In general, the df is ___14__. Thus for a data set with two classes of progeny (for example, recombinant or parental), the df would be ___15__. For a data set with 4 classes of progeny (for example, A-B-, A-bb, aaB-, and aabb) the df would be ___16__. The second difficulty is interpreting the result. The result of this test is a probability: specifically, the probability that any differences between your data set and the hypothesis are due to random chance. Thus, if the result of the number crunching is 0.85, the data you have obtained (17: is/is not) due to linkage; if the resulting probability is 0.5, the data (18: is/is not) due to linkage; if the resulting probability is 0.1, the data (19: is/is not) due to linkage. When the probability becomes less than ___20__, at that point you can conclude that the data (21: is/is not) due to linkage. It is not always obvious whether a given result is actually a “linkage ratio”, or is just due to random chance variation from the ratio seen when genes are actually on separate chromosomes. To determine for sure that the results seen represent a linkage ratio, we may need to do a ___12__ test. When doing this test, we need to compare our data set against a hypothesis – the hypothesis used is always one of ___13__. Two difficulties arise in applying this test properly: The first is determining the degrees of freedom (df) for the data set. In general, the df is ___14__. Thus for a data set with two classes of progeny (for example, recombinant or parental), the df would be ___15__. For a data set with 4 classes of progeny (for example, A-B-, A-bb, aaB-, and aabb) the df would be ___16__. The second difficulty is interpreting the result. The result of this test is a probability: specifically, the probability that any differences between your data set and the hypothesis are due to random chance. Thus, if the result of the number crunching is 0.85, the data you have obtained (17: is/is not) due to linkage; if the resulting probability is 0.5, the data (18: is/is not) due to linkage; if the resulting probability is 0.1, the data (19: is/is not) due to linkage. When the probability becomes less than ___20__, at that point you can conclude that the data (21: is/is not) due to linkage.

Explanation / Answer

12. Back cross/test cross test used for determine the linkage.

13. Null hypothesis. According to Null hypothesis there is no association between two phenomenon

14. N-1

15. (2-1)= 1

16. (4-1) =3

17. is not

18. is

19 is

20 P<0.001

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