Protective antibodies generated in response to influenza virus bind to which ant
ID: 79853 • Letter: P
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Protective antibodies generated in response to influenza virus bind to which antigens expressed on the viral a antigenic envelope? a. antigenic polysaccharide type H and type N b. variable surface glycoproteins due to a high rate of mutation during viral replication c. Their surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase d. superantigens that stimulate a large number of non-antigen specific T cells to damage tissues e. gp41 protein and gp120 protein Which of the following contribute to new epidemics and the long-term survival of the influenza virus in the human population? a. New viral strains possess epitopes not recognized by antibodies made in the previous epidemic b. The RNA genome of the influenza virus subject to point mutations during viral replication. c. The virus uses gene rearrangement to achieve antigenic variation, which creates new epitopes d. The first influenza strain provoking a primary immune response constrains the types of antibodies made during a subsequent encounter with a different strain e. Answer choices a and b are correct The first step of the alternative complement pathway involves the continual low rate of spontaneous hydrolysis of which complement component? a. C1 b. C2 c. C3 d. C4 e. C5 Which of the following is the function of complement component C3b? a. Facilitates receptor mediated phagocytosis of pathogens by macrophages because C3b opsonize pathogens b. C3b binds C6, C7 and C9 in this order to form a MAC c. C3b binds to C4a d. All of the above answers are correct e. Answers a and b are correct C3b binds to C3bBb and to form C3bBbC3b or Cab2aC3b respectively which have convertase enzyme activity that can activate which of the following in the complement components? a. C1 b. C2 c. C3 d. C4 e. C5 Which of the following is true about membrane-attack complexes? a. C5a forms a complex by the successive binding of C6.C7 and C8 which inserts in bacterial plasma membranes b. serve as a ligand (opsonins) on bacterial which macrophages recognize with their receptors c. The C6, C7, and C8 complex induces the up to 16 C9 molecules which generates a transmembrane channel in bacteria plasma membranes d. All of the above answers are correct e. Both answers a and b are correct When macrophages bind pathogens with their receptors, membrane signal transduction activates transcription factors that induce the expression of genes that code for the synthesis of which proteins? a. IL-1 beta, IL -6, and IL-12 b. TNF-a, and CXCL8 c. IL-1 and IL-2 receptor a chain d. All of the above answers e. Only answers b and c are correct answers. When macrophages are activated in the liver or spleen by conducting phagocytosis of gram negative bacteria, they release TNF-alpha into the blood stream that induces which of the following responses? An inflammatory response in most of the body's blood vessels that results in the lost of fluid from the blood stream and cause failure of organs. b. dilation of blood vessels and massive leakage of serum into tissues throughout the body c. widespread blood clotting in capillaries d. all of the above answers e. Only answers b and c are correct.Explanation / Answer
120. Option c would suit. Influenza virus has glycoprotein hemagglutinin and NA, Neuraminidase, which is attacked by the antibodies.
121. Option e would suit. Long term survival of Influenza virus is ensured by the generation of new viral strains that evade protective immunity acquired by human host, during previous epidemics.Also, Influenza virus is an RNA virus that is error prone and generates point mutations.
122. Option c. Alternate pathway is initiated by spontaneous hydrolysis of C3.
123. Option b. C3 convertase forms MAC and incorporates C9 into C5-C8 complex.
124. Option e. The C3bBbP can bind to an additional C3b to form C5 convertase.
125. Option c would suit. The MAC or membrane attack complex is initiated when C5 Convertase splits C5 into C5a and C5b. C5b then binds to C6. C5bC6 is bound by C7 .C8 induces polymerisation of 10-16 molecules of C9 into a pore forming structure called MAC.
127. Option a would suit. The TNF alpha, isknown as tumor necrosis factor. It stimulates the acute phase of immune response. It causes inflammatory response and inhibits tumorigenesis.The inflammatory response involves dilation of capillaries, escape of plasma proteins into blood stream due to vascular structural changes.
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