Why do we see geographical differences in the occurrence of cancer? What are the

Question

Why do we see geographical differences in the occurrence of cancer? What are the current treatments for cancer? How do you distinguish normal and neoplastic tissue Describe the abnormality which leads to chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)? Describe the mechanism of action of Gleevec What are the possible cancer treatments that are in the experimental stage? How can we use virus to kill a cancer cells? What is angiogenesis? How is engineered anaerobic bacteria used to treat cancer? Can cancer patient be treated with a single therapy? Can we use hormone therapy to treat cancer? Can a person get multiple cancers?

Explanation / Answer

11 Ans: The variation in the occurrence of cancer types between different parts of the world gives some indication of the proportion of cancers that could be prevented by modifying specific harmful lifestyle or environmental factors. Removal of HPV infection would substantially reduce the burden of cervical cancer; smoking and indoor and outdoor air pollution explain over two-thirds of lung cancer incidence.

12 Ans:

Surgery
Radiation Therapy
Chemotherapy
Immunotherapy
Targeted Therapy
Hormone Therapy
Stem Cell Transplant
Precision Medicine

13 Ans: An abnormal tissue that grows by cellular proliferation more rapidly than normal and continues to grow after the stimuli that initiated the new growth cease.
Neoplasms show partial or complete lack of structural organization and functional coordination with the normal tissue, and usually form a distinct mass of tissue that may be either benign (benign tumor) or malignant.

14 Ans:

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is cancer that starts inside bone marrow. This is the soft tissue in the center of bones that helps form all blood cells.

CML causes an uncontrolled growth of immature cells that make a certain type of white blood cell called myeloid cells. The diseased cells build up in the bone marrow and blood.

Cause of CML is related to an abnormal chromosome called the Philadelphia chromosome.

Radiation exposure can increase the risk of developing CML. Radiation exposure can be from radiation treatments used in the past to treat thyroid cancer or Hodgkin lymphoma or from a nuclear disaster.

15 Ans: large number of TK enzymes in the body, including the insulin receptor. Imatinib is specific for the TK domain in abl (the Abelson proto-oncogene), c-kit and PDGF-R.
In chronic myelogenous leukemia, the Philadelphia chromosome leads to a fusion protein of abl with bcr (breakpoint cluster region), termed bcr-abl. As this is now a constitutively active tyrosine kinase, imatinib is used to decrease bcr-abl activity.
The active sites of tyrosine kinases each have a binding site for ATP. The enzymatic activity catalyzed by a tyrosine kinase is the transfer of the terminal phosphate from ATP to tyrosine residues on its substrates, a process known as protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Imatinib works by binding close to the ATP binding site of bcr-abl, locking it in a closed or self-inhibited conformation, and therefore inhibiting the enzyme activity of the protein semi-competitively.
Imatinib is quite selective for bcr-abl, though it does also inhibit other targets c-kit and PDGF-R, but acts on no other known tyrosine kinases. Imatinib also inhibits the abl protein of non-cancer cells, but these cells normally have additional redundant tyrosine kinases, which allows them to continue to function even if abl tyrosine kinase is inhibited. Some tumor cells, however, have a dependence on bcr-abl.Inhibition of the bcr-abl tyrosine kinase also stimulates its entry in to the nucleus, where it is unable to perform any of its normal anti-apoptopic functions, leading to tumor cell death.

16 Ans:

Surgery
Radiation Therapy
Chemotherapy
Immunotherapy

17 Ans:

viruses were able to kill cancer cells, these were called oncolytic viruses- onco means cancer, lytic means that cells burst open and die.
Every virus has three main structures, which assemble into something similar to a lunar landing craft.

1) Legs to attach to cells
2) Outer wall to protect the virus
3) Inner core containing genetic code

Viruses drift passively around the body, bumping into the surface of cells. If the legs of the virus manage to latch onto the surface of a cell, the virus injects its payload of genetic code into the cell.

All the virus machinery, legs, outer wall and other elements, are then destroyed. Once inside the cell, the new genetic code is activated, and hijacks the normal function of the cell, turning it into a virus factory.

Eventually the cell becomes so full of viruses that it bursts, releasing hundreds or thousands of new viruses, each of which can then infect another cell.

18 Ans: Angiogenesis literally means creation of new blood vessels. The word “angio” means blood vessels while “genesis” means creation.
Angiogenesis is an important process that occurs both during health and disease. Blood is important in the body as it carries oxygen and nutrients to all the parts of the body via blood vessels like arteries and brings back the toxins and wastes from these peripheral organs for purification via veins.

19 Ans: anaerobic bacteria tend to proliferate inside tumors due to their necessity to grow without oxygen. In addition, immune system cells such as macrophages and neutrophils cannot enter easily inside solid tumors and therefore bacteria can grow without the fear of being phagocyted.
bacterial-mediated cancer therapies such as toxicity, stability and efficiency, and can be used to tune their beneficial features for cancer treatment.

20 Ans: Yes

21 Ans: Yes

22 Ans: Yes

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