1. Which of the following best describes the source of the carbon skeleton for s

Question

1.      Which of the following best describes the source of the carbon skeleton for synthesizing non-essential amino acids?

A.    Glutamate

B.     Acetyl coenzyme A

C.     Carbohydrates

D.    Essential amino acids

QUESTION 2

1.      The use of proteins for energy begins with which of the following processes?

A.    Deamination

B.     Hydroxylation

C.     Oxidation

      D. Polymerization

QUESTION 3

1.      A 56-year-old woman with chronic liver disease is brought to the physician because of confusion, a depressed level of consciousness, personality changes, and intellectual impairment. Laboratory tests support a diagnosis that the woman is suffering from liver encephalopathy. Which of the following blood factors is the most likely cause of this condition?

A.    Ammonia

B.     Ammonium

C.     Arginine

D.    Citrulline

QUESTION 4

1.     Which of the following substances best describes deaminated alanine?

A.    Acetoacetic acid

B.     Acetyl coenzyme A

C.     Glucose

D.    Lactic acid

      E. Pyruvic acid

QUESTION 5

1.      An increase in blood levels of which of the following substances promotes breakdown of proteins in most tissues?

A.    Estrogen

B.     Glucocorticoid

C.     Growth hormone

D.    Insulin

Explanation / Answer

1.

The main source of carbon skeleton for the synthesis of non-essential amino acids is glutamate and by deamination these amino acids may enter the citric acid cycle as - ketoglutarate. Hence, option A is correct. The acetyl CoA is obtained by oxidation of fatty acids. The carbohydrates are breakdown to CO2 and water during respiration.

2.

Deamination is the process in which the N atom removed from protein to convert them into a carbohydrate moiety for further use of proteins as energy source. Option A is correct. Hydroxylation is the process of addition of OH group. Oxidation is the process of addition of oxygen molecule. Polymerization is the process of addition of several amino acid molecules linked through peptide bond to form a protein.

3.

High levels of ammonia due to breakdown of amino acids is released into blood and indicates the liver encephalopathy condition that can be characterized by confusion, a depressed level of consciousness, personality changes, and intellectual impairment. Hence, option A is correct.

4.

Deamination is the process in which the N atom removed from amino acid. Deamination of Alanine produces pyruvic acid and NH3. Acetyl CoA is produced by breakdown of fatty acid. Lactic acid is produced by pyruvate under anaerobic conditions in muscle. Option E is correct.

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