1. Compare and contrast gastrulation in birds and mammals. Explain 4 similaritie

Question

1. Compare and contrast gastrulation in birds and mammals. Explain 4 similarities and 4 differences.
2. What is axis specification? How is the axis specified in the frog? Explain the signaling of the organizer? What signals are autonomously specified in the frog? How do these signals end up in the dorsal region? What signals are conditionally specified in the embryo? What evidence shows that they are conditional?
3. It took 25 years for them to figure out the function of the organizer proteins (ie noggin, chordin etc.) What is the function of the organizer proteins and why was it so hard to figure out? 1. Compare and contrast gastrulation in birds and mammals. Explain 4 similarities and 4 differences.
2. What is axis specification? How is the axis specified in the frog? Explain the signaling of the organizer? What signals are autonomously specified in the frog? How do these signals end up in the dorsal region? What signals are conditionally specified in the embryo? What evidence shows that they are conditional?
3. It took 25 years for them to figure out the function of the organizer proteins (ie noggin, chordin etc.) What is the function of the organizer proteins and why was it so hard to figure out?
2. What is axis specification? How is the axis specified in the frog? Explain the signaling of the organizer? What signals are autonomously specified in the frog? How do these signals end up in the dorsal region? What signals are conditionally specified in the embryo? What evidence shows that they are conditional?
3. It took 25 years for them to figure out the function of the organizer proteins (ie noggin, chordin etc.) What is the function of the organizer proteins and why was it so hard to figure out?

Explanation / Answer

Gastrulation in Birds:-

Eggs of the birds are telolecithal. Blastodisc is formed after cleavage, which is group of cells above yolk. Epiblast and hypoblast are the two layers of blastodisc which forms the anterior side and posterior side of developing embryo.

Depression is formed in midline of primitive streak. Cells enter through this depression into the void present between epiblast & hypoblast. Notochord is formed from the cells entering the anterior side near node and others entering the posterior side form mesoderm and endoderm. Head is developed first. Node and primitive groove are similar to the blastopore.

Gastrulation in mammals:-

Steps are as follows- Inner cell mass - cells differentiate to form amnion structure. Cells begin to migrate inwards by forming indentation and gastrula is developed. Cells push inwards in continuous form to form endoderm and cells on the outer side form ectoderm. When cells move in between these two layers, mesoderm is formed.

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