1. Failure of the neural tube to close properly during fetal development can res
ID: 64704 • Letter: 1
Question
1. Failure of the neural tube to close properly during fetal development can result in birth defects such as _____________.
Spina bifida
Hydrocephalus
Hemianopia
Color blindness
2. If the flow of cerebrospinal fluid from the lateral and third ventricles through the ventricular system to the subarachnoid space is blocked, the fluid will back up and cause a swelling of the ventricles. This condition is called what?
Neural tube defect
Meningitis
Hydrocephalus
Subdural hematoma
3. In what lobes do we find primary auditory, visual, somatosensory, and motor cortex?
Temporal (auditory), occipital (visual), parietal (somatosensory), and frontal (motor)
Temporal (visual), occipital (auditory), parietal (somatosensory), and frontal (motor)
Temporal (somatosensory), occipital (visual), parietal (auditory), and frontal (motor)
All sensory cortex is in the parietal lobe and the motor cortex is in the frontal lobe
4. What are the three layers of the meninges, starting with the outermost layer?
Neural tube, neutral crest, telencephalon
Dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater
Telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon
Cranial nerves, dorsal root, ventral root
5. What does lateral inhibition explain?
It explains why there are amacrine and horizontal cell layers.
It explains why the eyes can move better horizontally than vertically.
It explains why everybody has an optic disk in each eye.
It is a hypothesized synaptic connectivity that explains why perceived illumination may be different from actual illumination.
6. During the process of neurulation, the neural tube and neural crest develop from the ectoderm layer. ______________ develops from the neural tube and _____________ develops from the neural crest.
Dura mater; pia mater
Cerebrum; cerebellum
Central nervous system; peripheral nervous system
Endoderm; mesoderm
7. The almond shaped nucleus located at the anterior portion of the medial temporal lobes and is associated with emotional processing, including emotional memory, is call what?
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Diencephalon
Superior colliculi
8. Which of the following ganglion cells respond to the stimulation of the receptive field center with a sustained discharge lasting as long as the stimulus is on?
M-type ganglion cells
P-type ganglion cells
Rods and cones
None of the above
9. Which of the following best describes a center-surround receptive field?
Central versus peripheral retina
Photoreceptor receptive fields
Off versus on bipolar cells
Two concentric rings with antagonistic responses to light on and light off
10. What is meant by phototransduction?
Phototransduction occurs when light rays bounce off a surface.
Phototransduction is the transfer of light energy to a particle or surface.
Phototransduction is the process by which photoreceptors convert light energy into changes in neuronal membrane potential.
Phototransduction is the process by which green is perceived after staring at a blotch of red for a long time.
11. On what basis do scientists claim that some animals do not see color?
Some animals do not have rods.
Some animals do not have cones.
Some animals do not have bipolar cells.
Some animals do not have ganglion cells.
12. Why do we say that retinal ganglion cells are mainly responsive to contrasts in illumination rather than absolute level of illumination?
All ganglion cells have on-center and off-surround receptive fields.
Center-surround ganglion cells respond most saliently when both the receptive field center and surround are stimulated uniformly.
Center-surround ganglion cells respond most saliently when a light or dark edge falls within its receptive field.
The stimulation in the center of the receptive field is all that matters.
13. What is a receptive field?
The total amount of external space that can be viewed by the retina when the eye is fixated straight ahead.
The area of retina that changes a cell's membrane potential when stimulated with light.
The response of photoreceptor to light.
A light stimulus that causes an action potential.
Spina bifida
Hydrocephalus
Hemianopia
Color blindness
2. If the flow of cerebrospinal fluid from the lateral and third ventricles through the ventricular system to the subarachnoid space is blocked, the fluid will back up and cause a swelling of the ventricles. This condition is called what?
Neural tube defect
Meningitis
Hydrocephalus
Subdural hematoma
3. In what lobes do we find primary auditory, visual, somatosensory, and motor cortex?
Temporal (auditory), occipital (visual), parietal (somatosensory), and frontal (motor)
Temporal (visual), occipital (auditory), parietal (somatosensory), and frontal (motor)
Temporal (somatosensory), occipital (visual), parietal (auditory), and frontal (motor)
All sensory cortex is in the parietal lobe and the motor cortex is in the frontal lobe
4. What are the three layers of the meninges, starting with the outermost layer?
Neural tube, neutral crest, telencephalon
Dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater
Telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon
Cranial nerves, dorsal root, ventral root
5. What does lateral inhibition explain?
It explains why there are amacrine and horizontal cell layers.
It explains why the eyes can move better horizontally than vertically.
It explains why everybody has an optic disk in each eye.
It is a hypothesized synaptic connectivity that explains why perceived illumination may be different from actual illumination.
6. During the process of neurulation, the neural tube and neural crest develop from the ectoderm layer. ______________ develops from the neural tube and _____________ develops from the neural crest.
Dura mater; pia mater
Cerebrum; cerebellum
Central nervous system; peripheral nervous system
Endoderm; mesoderm
7. The almond shaped nucleus located at the anterior portion of the medial temporal lobes and is associated with emotional processing, including emotional memory, is call what?
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Diencephalon
Superior colliculi
8. Which of the following ganglion cells respond to the stimulation of the receptive field center with a sustained discharge lasting as long as the stimulus is on?
M-type ganglion cells
P-type ganglion cells
Rods and cones
None of the above
9. Which of the following best describes a center-surround receptive field?
Central versus peripheral retina
Photoreceptor receptive fields
Off versus on bipolar cells
Two concentric rings with antagonistic responses to light on and light off
10. What is meant by phototransduction?
Phototransduction occurs when light rays bounce off a surface.
Phototransduction is the transfer of light energy to a particle or surface.
Phototransduction is the process by which photoreceptors convert light energy into changes in neuronal membrane potential.
Phototransduction is the process by which green is perceived after staring at a blotch of red for a long time.
11. On what basis do scientists claim that some animals do not see color?
Some animals do not have rods.
Some animals do not have cones.
Some animals do not have bipolar cells.
Some animals do not have ganglion cells.
12. Why do we say that retinal ganglion cells are mainly responsive to contrasts in illumination rather than absolute level of illumination?
All ganglion cells have on-center and off-surround receptive fields.
Center-surround ganglion cells respond most saliently when both the receptive field center and surround are stimulated uniformly.
Center-surround ganglion cells respond most saliently when a light or dark edge falls within its receptive field.
The stimulation in the center of the receptive field is all that matters.
13. What is a receptive field?
The total amount of external space that can be viewed by the retina when the eye is fixated straight ahead.
The area of retina that changes a cell's membrane potential when stimulated with light.
The response of photoreceptor to light.
A light stimulus that causes an action potential.
Explanation / Answer
1) Spina bifida
2) Hydrocephalus
3) Temporal (auditory), occipital (visual), parietal (somatosensory), and frontal (motor)
4) Dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater
5) explains why there are amacrine and horizontal cell layers.
6) Central nervous system; peripheral nervous system
7) Amygdala
8) P-type gaglion cells
9) Two concentric rings with antagonistic responses to light on and light off
10) Phototransduction is the process by which photoreceptors convert light energy into changes in neuronal membrane potential.
11) Some animals do not have cones.
13) The area of retina that changes a cell's membrane potential when stimulated with light.
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