12 503 modular laboratory program in chemistry Nine Bottles: An Adventure in Che
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12 503 modular laboratory program in chemistry Nine Bottles: An Adventure in Chemical ldentification prepared by Jay A. Young, Chemical Consultant, Silver Spring, Md., H. A. Neidig, Lebanon Valley College, and William M. Loffredo, East Stroudsburg University Purpose of the Experiment Identity the solute in each of nine unknown solutions. Develop an analysis scheme. Make identifications based on observation of small amounts of the nine solutes, first mixed as known solutions, then mixed as nine unknown solutions, and a comparison of the two sets of observations. In some cases, you may use a third solution for a confirmatory test. in the nine different aqueous solutions you will analyze in this experiment. Background Information Chemists can often obtain clues to the identity of a sol Your success in performing this experiment also ute in a solution by observing the color, odor, viscosity, depends on accurate and complete observations, cou- acidity, and other properties of the solution. They can pled with the accumulation of copious notes that fully obtain further information by mixing the unknown solu describe these observations. Your notes will provide tion with another unknown solution containing a differ- the information needed for the identification of the un- ent solute, and observing the evolution or absorption knowns. You may want to use certain abbreviations in of heat, the formation of any precipitate, and its rate of your notes for some observed characteristics, such as formation and color. Sometimes chemists add a solu- NR for no reaction, wppt for white precipitate, and tion containing a known third substance and note the crds for white precipitate that forms curds after stand- solubility or continued insolubility of the precipitate, the ing. You may also want to use numbered footnotes in possible formation of gas, and other possible reac- order to include detailed descriptions from your notes in your data tables. tions. The reaction caused by the addition of the third solution often serves as confirming proof of the un- known substances' identities. Mixing the Known Solutions Knowledge of the solubility of different substances in water is vital to your successful completion of this To illustrate the procedure for preparing the known so- experiment. Thus, you will find it helpful to consult a reflutions, suppose we began by placing five known solu- rence containing the general solubility rules for aque tions, Kl, AgNO3, HCI, Na2SO4. and Na2CO3, in five us solutions when you are trying to identify the solutes test tubes. We would proceed to use small amounts of CENGAGE ps Cenpoge lceming ALL IGHTS RESERVtD No partof his work coveed by the captheren ay beeproduced tesmited stored ar nd in a orm or by any means graphic, electronic or mechanical, Learning formation et orks,orin ormat or storage a dreea systems, eicept as pent elue, eto, os argcan rg,oging taping, web ist but on, the prior written permission of the publisher and retrieval systems,except as permitted under Section so or sol of the gp6 United States Copyright Act, withoutExplanation / Answer
1. Hazards Associated with the reagents are:
(a) 2M Nitric acid- It is very much corrosive and highly toxic chemical.
(b) 3M Hydrochloric acid: It is also very much toxic and corrosive in nature.
(c) 3M Sulfuric acid: It is very much corrosive and highly toxic chemical.
(d) Sodium hypochlorite: It is very much corrosive and highly oxidant in nature.
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