Using the terms provided, fill in the blanks in the text below such that the pas
ID: 56898 • Letter: U
Question
Using the terms provided, fill in the blanks in the text below such that the passage, when completed, correctly details the basics involved in the sensing of visual stimuli, auditory stimuli and balance and equilibrium.
Terms: ampullae, centrally, cochlea, cones, horizontal, inner, light, linear, loudness, middle, night, occipital, organ of Corti, outer, parietal, pitch, pressure, retina, rods, rotational, saccules, semicircular canals, temporal, thalamus, utricules, vertical
Electromagnetic radiation in the form of __________ waves provides the stimulus for vision. These light waves are bent by the cornea and lens such that they project to the retina where the specialized cells that serve as the receptors for vision are located. These receptor cells come in 2 varieties. The first, cells called _____________, are more _______________-located in the retina and contain photo pigments that enable color discrimination. The cones are also responsible for providing our clarity of vision - termed visual acuity. The second type of vision receptor cells are called __________ and are located more in the outer margins of the retina. Lacking rhodopsins - the photo pigments that enable color detection, these cells enable light/dark detection. Because of their location along the outer margins of the retinas, these receptors provide for our peripheral vision. These cells are also the more sensitive of the 2 types of receptors - which means they can be stimulated by lower levels of light, thus they enable our ________ vision. These vision receptors are atypical neural cells in the sense that they are normally depolarized in their unstimulated state. When they are stimulated by light waves, they hyperpolarize and begin sending less neurotransmitter than normal to their neighboring neurons - retinal bipolar cells. This decrease in incoming stimulus to the bipolar cells activates them, causing them to begin releasing neurotransmitter to the neural fibers of the optic nerve with which they communicate. The optic nerve fibers then fire off action potentials that are transmitted to the 'relay station' or the ____________ of the CNS. The relay station determines the nature of these signals and then directs them to the proper region of the cerebrum for interpretation and integration - that is - to the _________ lobe.
In contrast, __________ waves serve as the stimulus for hearing. These waves are funneled to the eardrum by the pinnea of the ________ ear. They cause vibration of the eardrum which is then transmitted by small bones within the air-filled ________ ear to the fluid-filled _________ ear. The _______________, which contains the specialized hair cells responsible for sound detection and pitch discrimination, are located in the snail-shaped _________ of the inner ear. When these hair cells are bent appropriately, they activate fibers of auditory nerve component of cranial nerve VIII that fires off action potentials, which like those sent by optic nerve fibers also get sorted by the CNS relay station and sent to the proper cerebral hemisphere for interpretation and integration - which for auditory stimuli is the __________ lobe. Here, the particular 'fingerprint' of neural cells activated determines the _________ we hear and the number of impulses in this region per unit time determines the __________ of what we hear.
Our sense of balance and equilibrium is provided by different structures in the inner ear, specifically, by the vestibular apparatus which consists of the ______________, responsible for providing information to the CNS regarding our __________ or angular acceleration, and the otolith organs, which in alphabetical order are the _________ and __________, which provide the CNS information regarding our ________ acceleration. Thus when we are rolling down a hillside or doing back-flips across the gymnasium mats, the bending of the stercocilia in the _________ of the semicircular canals are sending signals to our brains to inform the brain of the various changes in angle the body is taking with respect to gravitational forces as we twist and turn again and again. Similarly, when we are accelerating in a car and suddenly come to an abrupt stop - the activation of the hair cells by the crystals within the utricles would inform the CNS of this change in our linear acceleration in the ____________ (i.e. side-to-side or front-to-back) plane. In contrast, if we were ascending in an elevator to a higher floor and our ascent stopped suddenly, when the elevator reached its destination, it would be the activation of hair cells by the crystals within the saccules that would provide the CNS with information about this abrupt change in our linear acceleration in the ____________ (up-down) plane. The bulk of this information is sent from the thalamus to the ___________ lobe of the cerebrum for interpretation and integration.
Explanation / Answer
Electromagnetic radiation in the form of _____light_____ waves provides the stimulus for vision. These light waves are bent by the cornea and lens such that they project to the retina where the specialized cells that serve as the receptors for vision are located. These receptor cells come in 2 varieties.
The first, cells called ___cones__________, are more _____centrally__________-located in the retina and contain photo pigments that enable color discrimination. The cones are also responsible for providing our clarity of vision - termed visual acuity. The second type of vision receptor cells are called ___rods_______ and are located more in the outer margins of the retina.
Lacking rhodopsins - the photo pigments that enable color detection, these cells enable light/dark detection. Because of their location along the outer margins of the retinas, these receptors provide for our peripheral vision. These cells are also the more sensitive of the 2 types of receptors - which means they can be stimulated by lower levels of light, thus they enable our ______night__ vision.
These vision receptors are atypical neural cells in the sense that they are normally depolarized in their unstimulated state. When they are stimulated by light waves, they hyperpolarize and begin sending less neurotransmitter than normal to their neighboring neurons - retinal bipolar cells. This decrease in incoming stimulus to the bipolar cells activates them, causing them to begin releasing neurotransmitter to the neural fibers of the optic nerve with which they communicate. The optic nerve fibers then fire off action potentials that are transmitted to the 'relay station' or the _____thalamus_______ of the CNS. The relay station determines the nature of these signals and then directs them to the proper region of the cerebrum for interpretation and integration - that is - to the ____occipital_____ lobe.
In contrast, ______pressure____ waves serve as the stimulus for hearing. These waves are funneled to the eardrum by the pinnea of the __outer______ ear. They cause vibration of the eardrum which is then transmitted by small bones within the air-filled ___middle_____ ear to the fluid-filled ___inner______ ear. The __organ of Corti,_____________, which contains the specialized hair cells responsible for sound detection and pitch discrimination, are located in the snail-shaped __cochlea_______ of the inner ear. When these hair cells are bent appropriately, they activate fibers of auditory nerve component of cranial nerve VIII that fires off action potentials, which like those sent by optic nerve fibers also get sorted by the CNS relay station and sent to the proper cerebral hemisphere for interpretation and integration - which for auditory stimuli is the __temporal________ lobe. Here, the particular 'fingerprint' of neural cells activated determines the ____loudness_____ we hear and the number of impulses in this region per unit time determines the __pitch________ of what we hear.
Our sense of balance and equilibrium is provided by different structures in the inner ear, specifically, by the vestibular apparatus which consists of the ____semicircular canals__________, responsible for providing information to the CNS regarding our ___rotational_______ or angular acceleration, and the otolith organs, which in alphabetical order are the ___saccules______ and __utricules________, which provide the CNS information regarding our ____vertical____ acceleration. Thus when we are rolling down a hillside or doing back-flips across the gymnasium mats, the bending of the stercocilia in the __saccule_______ of the semicircular canals are sending signals to our brains to inform the brain of the various changes in angle the body is taking with respect to gravitational forces as we twist and turn again and again. Similarly, when we are accelerating in a car and suddenly come to an abrupt stop - the activation of the hair cells by the crystals within the utricles would inform the CNS of this change in our linear acceleration in the ____linear________ (i.e. side-to-side or front-to-back) plane. In contrast, if we were ascending in an elevator to a higher floor and our ascent stopped suddenly, when the elevator reached its destination, it would be the activation of hair cells by the crystals within the saccules that would provide the CNS with information about this abrupt change in our linear acceleration in the ___horizontal_________ (up-down) plane. The bulk of this information is sent from the thalamus to the ______parietal____ lobe of the cerebrum for interpretation and integration.
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