1. Name 4 differences between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotic
ID: 54982 • Letter: 1
Question
1. Name 4 differences between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic cells
Draw a picture of an animal cell, include the major organelles, especially those responsible for making DNA, RNA and processing them into proteins.
3. Structurally what are the 2 major differences between DNA and RNA?
4. Write out the complementary strand to this sequence. And the mRNA it would encode.
5’ACTGCTAGTCCCGGGTATATTGGCCGGATAGCGCTAGT 3’
5. Using a codon table give the order of amino acids encoded by this sequence.
AUG CGG GGG AUU CCU CGG AAU UUU GAG UGA
b. What is the sequence of the DNA that was transcribed into this mRNA?
c. If you had a frame shift, that caused the above sequence to start at the first U and had an A added to the end, what would that new mRNA molecule look like and what would be that amino acid sequence?
6. List the 3 pyrimidine bases and the 2 purine bases. What is the one major difference between the 2 types?
7. What purine pyrimidine pair is commonly found in tracks of 20-40nt in promoter regions of genes? Why is this pair beneficial in a promoter?
8. DNA has a secondary structure of a double helix, what kind of secondary structure does RNA have? If RNA is not double stranded why does it have secondary structure?
9. Name 3 things a vector must have to make it useful in cloning.
10.What is bacterial “transformation”? Why do we do it? What are the two different types of “competent” cells and how do the methods of transformation differ?
11. If you want to clone a piece of DNA that is 7kb what kind of vector would you use? What would you use if it was a 17kb insert?
12. a. What part of the l genome do cosmid vectors carry?
b. What does this allow them to do?
How does propagation/growth of a cosmid differ from that of an intact phage?
13. Why are non-covalent bonds important in biological systems? List at least three examples of non-covalent interactions.
14. You want to amplify at least the underlined sequence, you can have some flanking sequence as well.
5’CTGCTACGTACTGGATGACTGACTGTGATGATCTGATCCCAGTGCTCGTAGTCGTGCGTTCGTAATATATAGCGATGGCGCGATGCGATGCGCGTAGCGGCTAGGCGTAGGCGGATTCGGCTAGGCGATGGCGATGGCGATGCGATATTCTAGCGCTAGCGATGAGGTGATTATATCGGCGCTAGCTGATCGTAGCTGATCG 3’
Design the most optimal primers according to Tm and length. Write out each primer and show which is the 5’ and 3’ end of each primer.
How big will your PCR product be?
15. What are the differences between covalent bonds and non-covalent bonds? Where are each found?
16. From this DNA strand:
5’- ATGCUGATCGGATTGCATGCCAATTGCGCATATGCGCAATAA-3’
draw the anti-sense DNA strand
Draw the mRNA that comes from this dsDNA molecule.
What is the amino acid sequence in all 3 reading frames?
17. List 3 reasons why DNA is packaged into chromosomes. At what stage of the cell cycle will you see compact chromosomes?
18. Explain the difference in chromatin when isolated in a low salt solution and in a physiological salt solution. What would happen if you treated chromatin with a nuclease?
19. Will acetlyation of histones result in increased or decreased transcriptional activation? Why?
20. Why does the genome have so much DNA that does not encode for proteins?
21. Explain why non-transcribed genes would be less susceptible to DNase digestion.
22-27. Definitions:
gene-
histone-
linker DNA vs core DNA-
histone H1-
CAF1 chaperone-
karyotype-
28. What are the major steps in the eukaryotic cell cycle? At which phase is DNA replicated, and at which phase are the chromosomes least compact?
29. What are early-response genes and delayed response genes? What is the limiting factor for each? Why is one so immediate?
30 . If you were to treat dividing cells with an antibody to SMC proteins, what might you expect to happen? (hint: antibodies usually bind specifically to the protein and prevent its normal function because they are so large and get in the way).
31-34. Definitions:
cohesin-
condensin-
a “cyclin” protein-
destruction box-
35. What do we mean by cyclin-dependent kinase? and where are they found?
36. Name 2 things that have to happen in each the G1, S-phase and M-phase for proper cell cycle progression.
37. List 3 differences between DNA replication and transcription. Which process is more accurate and why?
38. List the 3 domains of DNA polymerase and what each one does during replication. What might you imagine would happen if the fingers had a mutation and did not function correctly?
39. What are the three things required for DNA replication? How does this compare to what is required for PCR?
40. What is leading and lagging strand synthesis? How do they differ? Which one requires more primase activity and why?
41. After replication is over the RNA primer must be removed. What are the 4 enzymes required for this to happen, and in what order do they act?
42. Explain why a pre-RC complex will not be created when CDK levels are high in the cell?
43. Define and explain the difference between an exonuclease vs endonuclease.
44- 48 Define:
Helicase-
Single stranded binding proteins (SSbp’s)-
Topoisomerase-
DNA sliding clamp-
Sliding Clamp loaders (PCNA)-
49. Describe the major sequence elements in a eukaryotic promoter? How do the TATA box and TBP interact to promote transcription?
Explanation / Answer
1. 4 differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:
Prokaryotes are ususally much smaller than eukaryotes.
Prokaryotes lack a membrane bound nucleus unlike eukaryotes.
Prokaryotes lack any membrane bound organelles like chloroplast or mitochondria
Prokaryotes also differ from eukaryotes in that they contain only a single loop of stable chromosomal DNA stored in an area named the nucleoid, while eukaryote DNA is found on tightly bound and organised chromosomes.
3. Structurally the 2 most important differences between DNA and RNA are, DNA is made up of deoxyribonucleotides (A,T,G,C) while RNA is made of ribonucleotides(A,U,G,C).
Also, RNA have a 2'-OH group which makes it highly unstable. DNA lacks this.
4.
5’ACTGCTAGTCCCGGGTATATTGGCCGGATAGCGCTAGT 3’
Complimentary strand => 3' TGACGATCAGGGCCCATATAACCGGCCTATCGCGATCA 5'
mRNA encoded => 5' ACUGCUAGUCCCGGGUAUAUUGGCCGGAUAGCGCUAGA 3'
5. AUG CGG GGG AUU CCU CGG AAU UUU GAG UGA
Methionine Arginine Glycine Isoleucine Proline Arginine Asparagine Cysteine Glutamate Stop-codon.
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