1. As the value of the inbreeding coefficient F increases, so does the frequency
ID: 53678 • Letter: 1
Question
1. As the value of the inbreeding coefficient F increases, so does the frequency of
a. homozygotes.
b. heterozygotes.
c. dominant alleles.
d. recessive alleles.
e. highly fit genotypes
2. Explanations for the patterns of molecular similarity among related animals, such as humans vs. chimps, propose that these similarities are due to (1) shared functional need, or alternatively, (2) inheritance from a common ancestor. Which of the following can only be explained by interpretation (2)?
a. similarity in the nucleotide sequence of pseudogenes
b. similarity in amino acids at the active site of an enzyme
c. similarity among organisms in their appearance and overall body size
d. both (a) and (c)
e. both (b) and (c)
3. Methodological materialism can be defined as:
a. a belief that non-material (supernatural) forces (such as ghosts, a deity or deities, etc.) do not exist
b. the recognition the science has become increasingly successful over time in providing non-miraculous explanations for events that had traditionally been attributed to supernatural agents
c. the assertion that miracles do not occur
d. the procedural rule that scientists' attempts to explain the natural world must only invoke natural (non-supernatural) causes
e. a belief that supernatural causes should only be considered as a last resort, after material causes (matter and energy and their interaction) have been found to be unable to provide a complete explanation for some phenomenon
4. In a mutation accumulation experiment like the "middle class neighborhood" study on Drosophila flies, the main difficulty in getting reliable and unbiased results is:
a. to make sure that all mutations are homozygous so that their effects can be clearly seen
b. to avoid deletions of DNA from chromosomes
c. to maintain the fitness of flies by selecting the healthiest individuals to breed in each generation
d. to minimize natural selection so that harmful mutations are not lost during the course of the study
e. to shield the fly population from known mutagenic agents such as x-rays or chemicals that damage DNA
5. According to Darwin, what explains the fact that organisms tend to live in the same geographic region as their relatives?
a. the history of life on earth has been sufficiently long that most groups of organisms have had the opportunity to colonize habitats around the world that they are adapted to
b. a separate process of "descent with modification" takes place in isolated geographic regions
c. as a result of local adaptation, a species cannot thrive if it is introduced into a new geographic region
d. animals of the same phylogenetic group tend to compete with one another less than animals who are not close relatives
e. both (c) and (d)
f. (a), (b), (c) and (d) are all correct
Explanation / Answer
1 - a homozygotes.
F measures the probability that two genes at any locus in an individual are identical by descent from the common ancestor(s) of the two parents. This means the degree to which two alleles are more likely to be homozygous (AA or aa) rather than heterozygous (Aa) in an individual, because the parents are related.
2 - d/c
Inheritance from the last common ancestor will lead to similarities in body shape, structure etc and this may also lead to similarity in the sequence of pseudogenes.
3 - a
Methodological materialism is neither a belief nor an assumption but a restriction on method. It states that a non-material assumption is not to be made. Science, for example, is necessarily methodologically materialist. Science wishes to describe and explain nature.
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