3. There are three recognized mechanisms of regulation of endocrine secretions:

Question

3. There are three recognized mechanisms of regulation of endocrine secretions: neural, humoral, and hormonal. Provide examples of each using a specific hormone and endocrine gland. provide a written description of the endocrine pathway in each case, starting with the initial stimulus and ending wwith the effector responce.

4. Perhaps the best way to appeciate the importance of hormones in the regulation of bodily functions is to observe what happens when they are not working properly, for example in the case of diabetes mellitus. Select 2 endocrine dysfunctions associated with the adrenal glands, describe the hormones invloved, the cause of the dysfunctions, and the negitive effects they have on they body.

5. Compare the hormonally- regulated male and female reproductive cycles. Describe how they are similar and yet, different. Propose an explanation for the differences observed

Explanation / Answer

humorally regulated harmone is insulin and the endocrine gland is pancreas

Parasympathetic input to the pancreatic beta cells stimulates insulin secretion

harmones directly diffuse into body fluid, example thyroid secretes thyroxine, Triiodothyronine and Calcitonin.

Diabetes mellitus is due beta cells of pancreas not producing enough insulin to utilise the blood sugar therefore bloog sugar level is elevated.

adrenalmedulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine and adrenal cortex secretes cortisol and aldosterone.

Adrenal disorders includes Adrenal insufficiency, Cushing's syndrome, and pheochromocytoma.

excess adrenaline causes effects on blood pressure and heart.

Secretion of estrogens is stimulated by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which is, in turn, controlled by the hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH).

increased levels of estrogens suppress the release of gonadotropin releasing hormone providing a negative-feedback control of hormone levels.

Progesterone production is stimulated by luteinizing hormone

Production of male sex hormone, testosterone is controlled by the release of luteinizing hormone which inturn controlled by gonadotropin releasing hormone

Increase in testosterone is controlled by gonadotropin releasing hormone, as in female.

Estrogen is essential for both male and females.

Follicles become less responsive to FSH and LH. They begin to secrete less estrogen. Ovulation and menstruation become irregular and finally cease. in females.

Whereas testosterone level is reduced with age.

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