1) Give example of protein found in animal and vegetarian sources such as meat,
ID: 510175 • Letter: 1
Question
1) Give example of protein found in animal and vegetarian sources such as meat, milk, beans.
2) List three denaturing agents that can act on proteins and explain how each one disrupts the protein's structure.
3) Explain why cows and other grazing animals can eat grass and benefit from its nutritive value, but humans cannot.
4) List three properties of enantiomers that are the same and three properties that are different.
5) Use the terms hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and micelle to explain how a soap removes grease from fabric.
Explanation / Answer
1) Milk- Casein
Meat- Collagen
2) Heat
Heavy Metal Salts
Reducing agents
Heat:
Heat increases the kinetic energy and causes the molecules to vibrate so rapidly and violently that the bonds are disrupted. The proteins in eggs denature and coagulate during cooking. Other foods are cooked to denature the proteins to make it easier for enzymes to digest them. Medical supplies and instruments are sterilized by heating to denature proteins in bacteria and thus destroy the bacteria.
Heavy metal salts usually contain Hg+2, Pb+2, Ag+1 Tl+1, Cd+2 and other metals with high atomic weights. Since salts are ionic they disrupt salt bridges in proteins. The reaction of a heavy metal salt with a protein usually leads to an insoluble metal protein salt.
Reducing Agents Disrupt Disulfide Bonds
If oxidizing agents cause the formation of a disulfide bond, then reducing agents, of course, act on any disulfide bonds to split it apart. Reducing agents add hydrogen atoms to make the thiol group, -SH
3) Animals such as cows, horses, sheep, goats, and termites have symbiotic bacteria in the intestinal tract. These symbiotic bacteria possess the necessary enzymes to digest cellulose in the GI tract. They have the required enzymes for the breakdown or hydrolysis of the cellulose; the animals do not, not even termites, have the correct enzymes. No vertebrate can digest cellulose directly.
The major component in the rigid cell walls in plants is cellulose. Cellulose is a linear polysaccharide polymer with many glucose monosaccharide units. The acetal linkage is beta which makes it different from starch. This peculiar difference in acetal linkages results in a major difference in digestibility in humans. Humans are unable to digest cellulose because the appropriate enzymes to breakdown the beta acetal linkages are lacking.
4) Same properties
-Chemical Formula
-Molecular Mass
-Physical properties (Temprature, Melting Point etc)
Different Properties
- Rotate plane polarised light in opposite directions
-Different spatial orientations of functional groups
-Interact differently with other chiral molecules
(Enantiomers can have different smells because they interact differently with the smell receptors)
5) It works because soap is made up of molecules with two very different ends. One end of soap molecules love water - they are hydrophilic. The other end of soap molecues hate water - they are hydrophobic. Hydrophobic ends ofsoap molecule all attach to the grease. Soap breaks up the grease into smaller drops, which can mix with the water.
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