1) Explain with a couple examples on each how the following factors may affect a
ID: 425974 • Letter: 1
Question
1) Explain with a couple examples on each how the following factors may affect an individual’s health?
- Socioeconomic status
- Religion
2) Provide 2-3 sentences answers to each of the 10 key categories of social determinants of health
3)Explain each of the following on how individual behavior may be changed:
- Downstream factors
- Mainstream factors
- Upstream factors
4) Pertaining to the Health Belief Model, describe each of the six constructs and provide an example of each
5) Explain how someone who is a smoker would proceed in all five stages from the Stages of Change Model. Include each stage.
6) Using the influenza A immunization, explain how you would use each of the 4 Ps of social marketing to promote the immunization.
Explanation / Answer
1) Socioeconomic status : It includes income, education, financial status and social status of a person in a society. These factors affect the physical as well as mental health of a person.
For example when a person gets in the situation where he is fired and doesn't get any job for a long time due to some illegal doings, be comes in the state of financial deprivation and hence it causes mental depression to him when he compares himself with the society that is rising.
Also, for a person working in a white collar job, due to high stresses in the work environment he may develop health problems such as high blood pressure.
Religion: Religion lies in the belief of a person in a higher power such as God and he fears God according to his actions.
Example: person who believes that God is punishing and more worried and tensed in a work environment than people who believe god is benevolent and giving.
Also, people who dont believe in God are seen to be more negative in their actions and knowingly or unknowingly their actions results in degradation in their health than those who believe in God.
2) The 10 key Social determinants of health are:
- Employment: With employment comes income which gives a person a sense of security and it leads to better metal health, also it keeps the physical health of the person good due to his needs.
- Housing stability: It means a secure and fixed place of living that provides comfort to the person and keeps him physically and mentally good.
- Childhood education: It is very important as it shapes the mind of the person and makes him more health conscious.
- Language and literacy: Language influences health as in a language with good vocabulary, the person may know more about topics related to health and may take more care of himself.
- Civil participation: It keeps the person open minded and active and up to date about the latest health issues and come out with his health problems.
- Discrimination: Discrimination on any regards causes a mental setback in a person and consecutively affects his physical health.
- Access to healthcare: easy and fast access provides better health of population than difficult and expensive healthcare.
- Health literacy: It keeps the person up to date with the latest healthcare needs and precautions to be taken in society.
- Environment: It affects the air, noise and water pollution of an area thus affecting the health of the people.
- Crime and violence: They are the society psychologically and as well as physical harm, thus affecting people's health.
3) Upstream factors: These occur at global level and are influenced by governments policies. They can effect individual behaviour as new health schemes gives encouragement to the population and collectively influence them to follow a path.
Downstream factors: They occur at personal level such as genetic changes in the body. They give rise to a genetically modified person with special mental or physical abilities.
Mainstream factors: These are general health behaviours of the people according to the environment and society demands and influences.
4) Health belief model constructs are:
- perceived susceptibility: It means the opinion of a person on the chances of getting a condition such as TB.
- perceived severity: it's the opinion on how severe will the condition be such as risks in TB.
- perceived benefits: it's the opinion of how much will the risk reduce after taking an action such as after taking medicines for a year to reduce TB virus.
- perceived barriers: it's the opinion on how much will it cost monetary and psychologically for the action such as medicine costs of TB.
- cues to action: the process of getting ready to prevent a condition such as spreading awareness about TB.
- self efficacy: it's the confidence in a person to take action such as the will power to fight against TB.
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