Explain the following terms in a few sentences in your own words. These are some

Question

Explain the following terms in a few sentences in your own words. These are some of the essential terms in this chapter. If appropriate, you may write a formula, list the types, give an example, etc. (34 pts) Terms in Chapter 1 - Computer Architecture 1. Moore's Law Amdahl's Law High-level program Assembly program Machine code Compiler Assembler Operating System CPU, Processor Multicore multiprocessor CPI (Clock cycles Per Instruction) CPU Time -MIPS Throughput/Bandwidth Benchmark Program - Static and Dynamic Power

Explanation / Answer

computer architecture:
computer architecture is a set of methods and rules that explains the organization, functionality and implementation of computer systems.

Moore's Law:
It is the observation that the number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits had doubled every year since their invention. Moore's law predicts that this trend will continue into the foreseeable future.

Amdahl's law:
Amdahl's Law is a law governing the speedup of using parallel processors on a problem, versus using only one serial processor.

S=N/(B*N)+(1-B)

where, S=speedup

High-level Program:
A high-level Program in a programming language enables a programmer to write programs that are more or less independent of a particular type of computer.

The main advantage of high-level programs is that they are easier to read, write, and maintain.

Assembly Program:
Assembly language is a low-level programming language for a computer.

Machine code:
Machine code or machine language is the name for commands. They can directly be executed by a processor. Usually, they are 1s and 0s. Their order tells the computer what to do.This code is the lowest level of software.
All other kinds of software need to be translated into machine code before they can be used.

Compiler:
A compiler is a programming language translator which converts High Level Language program to its equivalent Intermediate Code. Compiler read complete program once and compiles complete code.

Assembler:
An assembler is a program that takes basic computer instructions and converts them into a pattern of bits that the computer's processor can use to perform its basic operations. Some people call these instructions assembler language and others use the term assembly language.

Operating System:
It is an interface between a computer user and computer hardware. It is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs.
All computer programs, excluding firmware, require an operating system to function.
Examples: Linux, Windows, OS X, VMS etc.

CPU, Processor:
The central processing unit (CPU) is the computer component that's responsible for interpreting and executing most of the commands from the computer's other hardware and software.

Intel and AMD are the two most popular CPU manufacturers for desktops, laptops, and servers, while Apple, NVIDIA, and Qualcomm are big smartphone
and tablet CPU makers.

CPI:
It is the number of computer clock speed cycles that occur while a computer instruction is being executed (performed by the computer processor). The number of cycles per instruction can be reduced by using pipelining . In some superscalar processors, more than one instruction can be performed during a single clock cycle.

CPU time:
CPU time is the exact amount of time that the CPU has spent processing data for a specific program or process.

Throughput Bandwidth:

Bandwidth is the maximum amount of data that can travel through a 'channel'.

Throughput is how much data actually does travel through the 'channel'
successfully. This can be limited by a ton of different things including
latency, and what protocol you are using.

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