A client is fetching a base HTML file with k referenced objects (k > 0) from an

Question

A client is fetching a base HTML file with k referenced objects (k > 0) from an
Internet server. Let the RTT be r. Assume that the transmission/reception time for each file
and referenced objects, if any, is d. Further, the only transmission/reception bottleneck in the
network is the access link through which the client is connected to the Internet. In terms of r, k,
and d, compute the following delay for the following scenarios:

(a) Non-persistent HTTP with parallel TCP connections (there is no limit on the
number of parallel connections).
(b) Non-persistent HTTP with no parallel TCP connections.

Explanation / Answer

a. Assuming there isn't a limit on the number of parallel connections, the client would need $2*RTT$ time for the non-persistent HTTP connection and then add on the amount of time to retrieve just one object. (If there are $n$ objects and there is no limit on the number of parallel objects, the client could have $n$ parallel TCP connections, allowing it to download $n$ objects in the same time as downloading just one). Additionally, there is a cost of $d$ on the first HTML file.

$Total Time = 2*r + 2*d$

b. Without a parallel connection, the client would only have to make a $2*RTT$ trip for each object to download on a non-persistent connection as well as the intial setup cost.

$Total Time = 2*r*k*d + 2*r + d$

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