1. A digital computer has a memory unit with 16 bits per word. The instruction s
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Question
1. A digital computer has a memory unit with 16 bits per word. The instruction set consists of 122 different operations. All instructions have an operation code part (opcode) and an address part (allowing for only one address). Each instruction is stored in one word of memory. [11 marks] a. How many bits are needed for the opcode? [3 marks] b. How many bits are left for the address part of the instruction? [3 marks] c. What is the maximum allowable size for memory? [2 marks] d. What is the largest unsigned binary number that can be accommodated in one word of memory? [3 marks] 2. Consider the MARIE program below. [9 marks]a. List the hexadecimal code for each instruction. [3 marks] b. Draw the symbol table. [3 marks] c. What is the value stored in the AC when the program terminates? [3 marks] Hex Addr Label Instruction 100 Start, Load A 101 Add B 102 Store Temp 103 Load C 104 Add D 105 Add Temp 106 Store F 107 Output 108 HALT 109 A, DEC 5 10A B, DEC 3 10B C, DEC 4 10C D, DEC 13 10D E, DEC 3 10E Temp, HEX 00FD 10F F, HEX 00FE 3. Choose one area of rapid technological change in IT or Computer Science, research and report on recent developments and the outlook for the future in the area that you have chosen. You will need to provide both in text citations and bibliography entries according to Faculty of Business policy (APA format). Your report should be around 500 words. [10 marks]
Explanation / Answer
The way memory units are organized is into words
Each such word has a fixed length
Possible lengths can be 1,2,4,8, 16, 32, 64 or 128 bits
per word
Accordingly they are called as 32 bit processor or 64
bit processor
For example, if you down load some software, it will
ask you whether the windows operating system
installed on your computer is 32 bit processor or 64
bit processor
For example, the UNIX AIX RS6000 by International
Business Machines (IBM) is Reduced Instruction Set
64 bit processor - gives you amazing speed
wheras the Santa Cruz Operations (SCO) Unix gives
you 32 bit processor
Hence AIX Unix is better than SCO Unix
But in our case the digital computer has 16 bits per
word
The instruction set has 122 different operations
An instruction is made up of an opcode part and an
address part
Each instruction occupies a word in memory
The word length is 16 bits as already mentioned above
Now to the question:
a. How many bits are needed for the opcode? [3
marks]
The bits required for the opcode:
b. How many bits are left for the address part of the
instruction? [3 marks]
c. What is the maximum allowable size for memory?
[2 marks]
d. What is the largest unsigned binary number that can
be accommodated in one word of memory? [3 marks]
The total word size = number of rows * number of
columns
The size = number of rows * number of columns
122 different operations will be catered by 122
different opcodes
2 ^ x = 122
hence x = 64.
2^6.5 = 90.51
2^6.6 = 97
2^6.7 = 103.97
2^6.9 = 119.43
2^6.93 = 121.9377 approximately = 122
Hence we found it
6.93 bits is one part of the answer that will give us 122
different operations
because 7 bits will give you 128 different oiperations
but we nee just 122 different operations or op codes
hence 6.93 bits would do - but it can be approximated
to 7 bits as well
As it is not practically convenientt to handle with
decimal bits - it is best to use bits of integers like 6 or 7
(a)
Hence the bits required for the opcode = 7 bits ( atleast 6.93 approximated to 7 bits)
(b)
The remaining bits left out for the address part of the instruatcion = total bits - bits consumed for op codes
= 16 - 6.93 = 9.17 = 9 bits are left for the address part
or 9 bits are available to store the address
hence we can store a maximum of 2^9 = 512 different possible addresses
(c) The maximum allowable size for memory or memory size:
= 2^9 * 16 = 512 * 16 = 8192 = 1024 Bytes = 1.024 Kilo Bytes = 1.024 KB
(d) the largest unsigned binary number that can be accommodated in one word of memory is:
8 bits = 1 byte
16 bits = half a byte
2 ^ 16 bits = 65,536 bits or 65,536 different numbers can be stored
= 8192 Byts = 8.192 Kilo Bytes = 8.192 KB
out of this 65,536 different numbers, we need subtract one location for storage of zero
hence 65, 535 different unsigned binary numbers can be stored
Memory = opcode + Address
size of 1 word of memory = given above
3.
The machine learning or Artificial Intelligence is the latest and greatest rapid technological change in IT.
It has immense future. For example, consider a fuzzy logic in refrigerators or fridges.
If you store a 4 liters of milk botlle in a fridge and if the milk runs out ( means if the milk reaches a threshold
level of 1 liters) then the purchase of another 4 liter milk bottle will be automated.
You want to maintain a minimum of 1 liter of milk t your fridge at home all the time - so that you never
run of out of milk.
Excited to know How it works? As follows:
There will be micro chip at the bottom of the milk bottle at the level of 1 liter milk storge.
when the milk reaches one liter the chip will send a signal to the sensor at the fridge door.
The fridge door will in turn send a signal to your home computer
The home computer in turn will send an email to your nominated super market
with a subject "Send milk"
The super market server system will direct debit the money from your bank account
and the milk will be door delivered sooner or later
This is just one mile stone of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
There is also a large scope for Language translation to help tourism industry
Say if a person from Paris visiting New York
He/She does not speak English
And you do not speak French
Here comes the machine translators handy
There are 4 types of AI translators
Human Aided MAchine translation
Machine Aided Human Translation
Machine Aided Machine Translation
and
Human Aided Human Translation
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