1. A digital computer has a memory unit with 16 bits per word. The instruction s
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Question
1. A digital computer has a memory unit with 16 bits per word. The instruction set consists of 122 different operations. All instructions have an operation code part (opcode) and an address part (allowing for only one address). Each instruction is stored in one word of memory. [11 marks]
a. How many bits are needed for the opcode? [3 marks]
b. How many bits are left for the address part of the instruction? [3 marks]
c. What is the maximum allowable size for memory? [2 marks]
d. What is the largest unsigned binary number that can be accommodated in one word of memory? [3 marks]
2. Consider the MARIE program below. [9 marks]
a. List the hexadecimal code for each instruction. [3 marks]
Hex
Addr Label Instruction
100 Start, Load A
101 Add B
102 Store Temp
103 Load C
104 Add D
105 Add Temp
106 Store F
107 Output
108 HALT
109 A DEC 5
10A B DEC 3
10B C DEC 4
10C D DEC 13
10D E DEC 3
10E Temp HEX 00FD
10F F HEX 00FE
c. 3. Choose one area of rapid technological change in IT or Computer Science, research and report on recent developments and the outlook for the future in the area that you have chosen. You will need to provide both in text citations and bibliography entries according to Faculty of Business policy (APA format). Your report should be around 500 words. [10 marks]
Explanation / Answer
Good Wishes,
1.
a) 7 bits are required for the op-code, as 2^6=64 (not enough) and 2^7=128 (more than enough).
b) 16 - 7 = 9 bits
c) 2^9 = 512
d) 2^16 = 65,536 different numbers can be stored.
Since zero is the first number the highest number representable is 65,535.
2. In MARIE program
Mnemonic | Hex | Description
-----------+-----+-----------------------------------------------
Add X | 3 | Add the contents of address X to AC
AddI X | B | Add indirect: Use the value at X as the actual
| | address of the data operand to add to AC
Clear | A | Put all zeros in AC
Input | 5 | Input a value from the keyboard into AC
Halt | 7 | Terminate program
Jump X | 9 | Load the value of X into PC
JumpI X | C | Use the value at X as the address to jump to
JnS X | 0 | Store the PC at address X and jump to X+1
Load X | 1 | Load contents of address X into AC
LoadI X | D | Load indirect: Use the value at X as the
| | address of the value to load.
Output | 6 | Output the value in AC to the display
Skipcond X | 8 | Skip next instruction on condition
| | (See note below.)
Store X | 2 | Store the contents of AC at address X
StoreI X | E | Store indirect: Use X the value at X as the
| | address of where to store the value.
Subt X | 4 | Subtract the contents of address X from AC
-----------------------------------------------------------------
using hti sinformation we write the hexadecimal code for the instructions given the MARIE program given in the question
a) Insturction Hexadecimal code
LOAD A 1109
ADD B 310A
STORE TEMP 210E
LOAD C 110B
ADD D 310C
ADD TEMP 310E
STORE F 210F
OUTPUT 6000
HALT 7000
DEC 5 0005
DEC 3 0003
DEC 9 0009
DEC 13 000D
DEC 3 0003
HEX 00FD 00FD
HEX 00FE 00FE
Coming to LOAD A, we know for LOAD hexadecimal code is 1, but for 'A', its the address of label 'A' so according the MARIE program is 109
Hence LOAD A is 1109,
Likewise the other instructions
For HEX is to represent hexa decimal values so
hexadecimal value of 00FD is 00FD (same, so no change)
similarly, hexadecimal value of 00FE is 00FE
For DEC , it is represent decimal values, hence
DEC 3 in hexadecimal value is 0003
likewise DEC 5 to represent in hexadecimal code is 0005
DEC 9 to represent in hexadecimal code is 0009
DEC 13 to represent in hexadecimal code is 000D
3. I think the question is subjective.
you need to choose the area. According to me cloud computing or next generation robotics would be a good area, where rapid technology change is happening . Moreover APA format is not provided.
Next-generation robotics
Rolling away from the production line
The popular imagination has long foreseen a world where robots take over all manner of everyday tasks. This robotic future has stubbornly refused to materialize, however, with robots still limited to factory assembly lines and other controlled tasks. Although heavily used (in the automotive industry, for instance), these robots are large and dangerous to human co-workers; they have to be separated by safety cages.
Advances in robotics technology are making human–machine collaboration an everyday reality. Better and cheaper sensors make a robot more able to “understand” and respond to its environment. Robot bodies are becoming more adaptive and flexible, with designers taking inspiration from the extraordinary flexibility and dexterity of complex biological structures, such as the human hand. And robots are becoming more connected, benefiting from the cloud-computing revolution by being able to access instructions and information remotely, rather than having to be programmed as a fully autonomous unit.
The new age of robotics takes these machines away from the big manufacturing assembly lines and into a wide variety of tasks. Using GPS technology, just like smartphones, robots are beginning to be used in precision agriculture for weed control and harvesting. In Japan robots are being tried in nursing roles. They help patients out of bed, for instance, and support stroke victims in regaining control of their limbs. Smaller and more dextrous robots, such as Dexter Bot, Baxter and LBR iiwa, are designed to be easily programmable and to handle manufacturing tasks that are laborious or uncomfortable for human workers.
Indeed, robots are ideal for tasks that are too repetitive or dangerous for humans to undertake, and can work 24 hours a day at a lower cost than human workers. In reality, new-generation robotic machines are likely to collaborate with humans rather than replace them. Even considering advances in design and artificial intelligence, human involvement and oversight will remain essential.
There remains the risk that robots may displace humans from jobs, although previous waves of automation have tended to lead to higher productivity and growth, with benefits throughout the economy. Decades-old fears of networked robots running out of control may become more salient as next-generation robots are linked to the Web, but at the same time they will become more familiar as people employ domestic robots to do household chores. Undoubtedly, however, the next generation of robotics poses new questions about the human relationship with machines.
Carryon with this lead and do your research. All the best.
Hope the answers provided are clear. Please provide your valuable feedback(comments).
decimal hexadecimal 0 0000 1 0001 2 0002 3 0003 4 0004 5 0005 6 0006 7 0007 8 0008 9 0009 10 000A 11 000B 12 000C 13 000DRelated Questions
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