For this assignment, you will create a table in MS Word or Excel that depicts th

Question

For this assignment, you will create a table in MS Word or Excel that depicts the standards and characteristics for the different wireless communications standards. For example, the left side of your chart would include 802.11 wireless standards (i.e. 802.11, 802.11a,b,g, etc). The top of your chart will include the key characteristics (Transmission range, maximum data rate, etc.) for each standard. You will need to include at least 7 characteristics in your table. You will then create a 2-3 page paper where you will discuss your findings. Items to address in your paper:

Explain the standards and characteristics in your table.

How are the characteristics for each of the standards similar?

How do they differ?

Why do they differ?

Your paper should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the ideas and concepts presented in the course and provide new thoughts and insights relating directly to this topic.

Explanation / Answer

Here we are discussing about various 802.11 standards which are:

below is the 802.11 standards and some key characteristics

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Now let’s discuss the standards briefly.

802.11:

The IEEE802.11 has released different standards for various operating frequency, ranges and other specifications. The original 802 was proposed in 1985 using ISM band and later developed NCR Corp/AT&T developed a precursor of it. Then in 1999, the first Wireless products was introduced by the name of WaveLan with 1-2 Mbps speed. It operated on 2.4 Ghz frequency and has a range of 100 meter.

802.11a:

The IEEE802.11a standard was released on 1999. It operated at radio frequency of maximum 5GHz and a bandwidth of 20MHz. The modulation techniques was orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) that was ideal to use in office settings. In 802.11a, data speeds of 54 Mbps was achieved. Also, this standard used the Single Input, Single Output (SISO) antenna technologies. Its range goes to 5Km for operating frequency of 3.7G.

802.11b:

IEEE 802.11b standard was also released on 1999. It provided maximum of 11 Mbps transmission in the 2.4 GHz operating frequency and bandwidth of 22MHz. For modulation it uses DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum). This standard also deploys the SISO antenna technology as in the IEEE802.11a standard. The IEEE802.11b standard is vulnerable to higher interference due to the fact that the 2.4GHz frequency range is becoming crowded with carriers, hence increased interference risk. The indoor and outdoor ranges for this standard is 35m to 140m.

IEEE 802.11g

The standard 802.11g was introduced in 2003 as an IEEE standard for Wi-Fi wireless networking and it provided maximum network bandwidth of 54 Mbps compared to 11 Mbps for 802.11b. 802.11g hardware is fully backward compatible with 802.11b hardware, and therefore is encumbered with legacy issues that reduce throughput by ~21% when compared to 802.11a.This standard operates at 2.4GHz frequency and bandwidth of 20MHz. This standard uses the OFDM or DSSS modulation schemes. This standard employ the SISO antenna technologies, and its indoor/outdoor range are from 38m to 140m respectively

802.11n

This standard was introduced in 2009 and it utilizes multiple wireless antennas in tandem to transmit and receive data. The IEEE802.11n standard used OFDM modulation technique. The antenna technology used with the IEEE802.11n standard is known as Multiple Input, Multiple Output (MIMO) rather than SISO. This technology refers to the ability of 802.11n and similar technologies to coordinate multiple simultaneous radio signals. The MIMO increases both the range and throughput of a wireless network. An additional technique employed by 802.11n involves increasing the channel bandwidth from 20MHz to 40MHz. The 802.11n standard support maximum theoretical network bandwidth up to 300 Mbps. The IEEE802.11n indoor/outdoor ranges are 75m, and 250m respectively.

IEEE 802.11ac

IEEE 802.11ac is the 5th generation in Wi-Fi networking standards released December. The standard operating frequency is 5GHz and speed up to 1Gbps.This standard exhibits better performance, and better coverage compared to all previous IEEE 802.11 standards. The IEEE 802.11ac standard utilizes a modulation technique known as multi-user MIMO. This technique allows a set of users or wireless terminals, each with one or more antennas, to communicate with each other. The indoor range is about 35m, and there is no recorded max for outdoor range.

Differences:

All the above mentioned techniques, they mostly differ from each other in Modulation techniques, Speed, Transmission range, spatial stream (SISO or MIMO) availability etc.

Let’s see how each standards was developed with key difference:

With technological growth, the 802.11 standards has picked up rapid performance improvement and market standardization to cope up with the demand. More standards with improved specs are already in the way for commercialization. Some upcoming standards are:

IEEE Standard Speed Frequency Topology Transmission Range Access Method Allowed MIMO Streams Modulation Antenna technique Beamforming 802.11 1 to 2Mbps 2.4GHz Ad hoc or Infrastructure 100 met CSMA/CA 1 DSSS/FHSS No 802.11a Up to 54Mbps 5GHz Ad hoc or Infrastructure 5000 met ouutdoor CSMA/CA 1 OFDM No 802.11b Up to 11Mbps 2.4GHz Ad hoc or Infrastructure 35 indoor and 140 outdoor CSMA/CA 1 DSSS No 802.11g Up to 54Mbps 2.4GHz Ad hoc or Infrastructure 38 indoor and 140 outdoor CSMA/CA 1 OFDM No 802.11n Up to 600Mbps 2.4GHz/5GHz Ad hoc or Infrastructure 70 indoor and 230 outdoor CSM 4 MIMO-OFDM Yes 802.11ac upto 1Gbps 5Ghz Ad hoc or Infrastructure 35 meter CSM 8 MIMO-OFDM Yes

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