Investigate some issues related to the parameters in C language. The issues are

Question

Investigate some issues related to the parameters in C language. The issues are

Parameter Correspondence (positiononal, keyword, combination)

Formal Parameter Default Values

Variable Number of Actual Parameters

Parameter passing methods

Write simple programs clearly illustrating the design decisions for the issues in the languages. Discuss the results of execution of your programs. Appropriately comment your source to explain your example and why your example is appropriate for this homework.

I want you to write a simple program for each issue, thank you

Explanation / Answer

Formal Parameters #

Arguments which are mentioned in the definition of the function is called formal arguments. Formal arguments are very similar to local variables inside the function. Just like local variables, formal arguments are destroyed when the function ends.

Actual Parameters:

Arguments which are mentioned in the function call is known as the actual argument. For example:

**********************************************************************************

Variable Number of Actual Parameters

int min(int arg_count, ...)

{

    int i;

    int min, a;

    va_list ap;

    // va_start must be called before accessing

    // variable argument list

    va_start(ap, arg_count);

    // Now arguments can be accessed one by one

    // using va_arg macro. Initialize min as first

    // argument in list

    min = va_arg(ap, int);

    // traverse rest of the arguments to find out minimum

    for (i = 2; i <= arg_count; i++)

        if ((a = va_arg(ap, int)) < min)

            min = a;

    // va_end should be executed before the function

    // returns whenever va_start has been previously

    // used in that function

    va_end(ap);

    return min;

}

// Driver code

int main()

{

    int count = 5;

    printf("Minimum value is %d", min(count, 12, 67, 6, 7, 100));

    return 0;

}

*************************************************

Parameters passed in C

A Parameter is the symbolic name for "data" that goes into a function. There are two ways to pass parameters in C: Pass by Value, Pass by Reference.

Pass by Value

Pass by Value, means that a copy of the data is made and stored by way of the name of the parameter. Any changes to the parameter have NO affect on data in the calling function.

Pass by Reference

A reference parameter "refers" to the original data in the calling function. Thus any changes made to the parameter are ALSO MADE TO THE ORIGINAL variable.

There are two ways to make a pass by reference parameter:

ARRAYS

Arrays are always pass by reference in C. Any change made to the parameter containing the array will change the value of the original array.

The ampersand used in the function prototype.

function ( & parameter_name )

To make a normal parameter into a pass by reference parameter, we use the "& param" notation. The ampersand (&) is the syntax to tell C that any changes made to the parameter also modify the original variable containing the data.

Pass by Value Example:

In C, the default is to pass by value. For example:

Pass by Reference Example:

Again, remember the Syntax is to use the '&' in front of the variable. For example:

issues in the languages.

1.  Buffer Overflow:  It happens when data written to a buffer (chunk of memory) overflows and gets overwritten onto the adjacent memory due to lack of proper boundary checks

Memory allocation managed by a doubly-linked list
Buffer overflow on the heap
Steps of freeing and joining memory blocks
Freeing allocated memory blocks
Mixing delete and delete[]

Types of integer problems
Representation of negative integers
Integer representation by using the two’s complement
Integer ranges
The integer promotion rule in C/C++
Integer promotion of signed and unsigned integers

Array indexing – spot the bug!
Unicode bug

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