In RSVP, Because the UDP/TCP port number are used for packet classification,each
ID: 3691897 • Letter: I
Question
In RSVP, Because the UDP/TCP port number are used for packet classification,each router must be used packet classification,each router must be able to examine these fields this required raised problem in the following areas IPV6 header processing IP-level security indicates the nature of the problem each area and suggest a solution Why does differentiated service (DS) domain consist of a set of contiguous routes ? how the boundary node routes different from interior node in a DS domain The MPLS specification allows as a LSR to use a technique the next-to-last LSR in an LSP is allowed to remove the label from packet and send it without label to other the Last LSR in that LSR explain why this action ids possible that is why results in correct behavior what is the advantage of penultimate ho[p popping.Explanation / Answer
22.4
a. IPv6 header processing
Problem: IPv6 embeds a variable number of variable-length Internet-layer headers prior to the transport header, increasing the complexity and cost of packet organization for QoS.
Solution: Efficient organization of IPv6 data packets could be achieved utilizing the Flow Label field of the iPv6 header.
b. IP-level security
Problem: IP-level security, under either IPv4 or IPv6, may encrypt the whole transport header, concealing the port numbers of data packets from intermediate routers.
Solution: There must be some method for recognizing source and destination IP users (identical to the TCP on the other hand UDP port numbers). With IPlevel security, there is a parameter, called the Security Parameter Index (SPI) conveyed in the security header. While SPIs are allocated based on destination address, they will ordinarily be connected with a specific sender. Accordingly, two senders to the same unicast destination will usually normally have distinctive SPIs.
22.5)
Contiguous routers are requisite for consistent service through homogeneous interpretation of DS codepoints. The interior DS-routers ordinarily just execute PHB, however, the boundary routers must also implement more complex traffic conditioning mechanisms to properly interface with external domains and maintain the desired services.
23.1 a)
b) Which set of switches you pop the MPLS mark can have any kind of effect in system execution. Penultimate jump popping may require somewhat more to arrange, yet the payout in times of overwhelming movement might be justified, despite all the trouble.
The MPLS name on an exchanged parcel is popped by either the departure switch or the penultimate switch, contingent upon your design.
Picture a system that has a solitary peering association with a supplier system. Numerous (if not all) streams from the system to any site outside the system likely will course through the same door. In the event that you've designed LSPs in your system, a large portion of them will have the same departure switch.
On the off chance that you utilize extreme jump popping where the departure switch pops the MPLS marks, each one of those streams and every one of those bundles should be handled by a solitary switch. In the event that you have a considerable measure of LSPs with a great deal of movement, this stride can be asset concentrated.
On the off chance that you choose to utilize penultimate jump popping, you basically end the LSP one bounce prior. The MPLS marks are popped by the switches that associate with the departure switch, instead of every one of them being popped by the same departure switch. You can adequately partition and overcome with regards to marking popping, which abstains from coming up short on assets amid substantial burdens.
The advantage of penultimate hop popping is that the egress not has to perform only one job i.e. IP lookup, thereby increasing the speed. Otherwise, the egress node will first have to do a MPLS forwarding lookup, then pop the label and then perform a IP lookup.
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