PLEASE DO ALL OTHERWISE PASS ON. THANK YOU! TRUE OR FALSE 1. T cells are able to

Question

PLEASE DO ALL OTHERWISE PASS ON. THANK YOU!

TRUE OR FALSE

1. T cells are able to recognize and hydrogen that is simply present in lymph or blood? True or false

2. expiration is a passive process requiring little or no expenditure of energy? True or false

3. interferon is an effective defense against bacterial infections? True or false

4. smoking increases the risk of all of the following diseases: coronary heart disease, emphysema, and lung cancer? true or false

5. it is possible to develop immunity to certain infectious agents, but not all of them? True or false

6. as carbon dioxide reacts with water and blood, hydrogen ions are produced and the blood becomes more acidic? True or false

7. plasma cells are responsible for the production of histamines? True or false

8. the respiratory Center of humans is located in the medulla of the brain? True or false

9. an autoimmune disease is one in which antibodies are produced and act against the individual’s own tissues? True or false

10. the cartilage rings in the trachea hold this tube open so that food can pass through it more easily? True or false

ONE WORD ANSWER MOSTLY

1. name the process whereby cancer cells break away from the tumor and move to a different part of the body?

2. Name the air sacs at the end of the bronchioles where gases are exchanged between the lungs and the blood?

3. Which term Generically refers to a cancer of lymphoid tissue?

4. which respiratory disorder is caused by bacteria that become encapsulated in the lung tissue?

5. Which term refers to swelling due to Excess tissue fluid?

6. which respiratory disorder is caused by exposure to particles inhaled primarily in the workplace ( silica, coal dust, and asbestos)?

7. what type of cell do both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated responses produce?

8. the volume of air moved in and out with each breath is called the?

9. T cells mature in which gland or organ?

10. Name the substance that reduces the surface tension of water in the lungs and prevents the lungs from collapsing?

11. active immunity is?

Explanation / Answer

1. False.

T cells are unable to recognize an antigen without the help of Antigen presenting cells (but B cells can recognize the antigens with the help of their unique antigen receptors)

2. True

Expiration is a passive process as it does not require energy. During expiration, when the alveolar pressure increases above atmospheric pressure, air flows out of the lungs basing upon pressure gradient and it does not require energy. Hence, the process is passive and do not require energy

3. False

Interferons are group of cytokines which serve as the first line of defense against viral infections but not bacterial infections

4. True

Smoking is the major factor that contributes to the lung cancer (first reported in 1964) due to the carcinogens which damage the cilia in the respiratory tract and reduce mucus movement. It is also responsible for causing emphysema where the air sacs in lungs lose their stretch and get damaged by the smoke.

Smoking causes damage to the blood vessels which also results in cardiovascular complications. Hence, the given statement is true

5. True

Immunity develops only to certain infectious agents owing to the antigen specificity. Sometimes, the epitopes of the antigen greatly vary which go unnoticed from the immunological memory making the pathogen win against the host.

6. False

CO2 reacts with water in the blood plasma and forms bicarbonates after dissociating from carbonic acid, thus it results in increase in pH and making blood blood more basic. This is the mechanism how the CO2 from the cells is transported back to the lungs.

H2O + CO2 <------> H2CO3 which quickly dissociates into <----------> H+ + HCO3-

7. False

Plasma cells are responsible for production of antibodies but not histamines. Histamines are produced from mast cells

8. True

Respiratory center is located in the medulla oblangata and pons in the brain stem. Hence, the given statement is true

9. True

When the individual develops antibodies of their own cells it is called as autoimmune disorder. The antibodies attacched to self antigens and begins invading the body's own cells causing inflammation and tissue necrosis

10. False

Cartilage rings (Hyaline cartilage rings) are C shaped rings that reinforce the walls of trachea and open parts of the rings allow the esophagus from which the food can pass through it easily. Food passes through oesophagus but not trachea and hence, the given statement is false.

1. Name the process whereby cancer cells break away from the tumor and move to a different part of the body?

Ans. Metastasis

Explanation: Metastasis is the process by which cancerous cells break off from a tumour and move through the blood vessels or lymphatic vessels to other sites in the body.

2. Name the air sacs at the end of the bronchioles where gases are exchanged between the lungs and the blood?

Alveoli

Alveoli are the small sacs with thin walls at the end of bronchioles which form a dense network of capillaries. They together provide large surface area.

3. Which term Generically refers to a cancer of lymphoid tissue?

Lymphoma

Lymphoma refers to the heterogenous lymphoid malignancies. It is the cancer of lymph nodes.

4. Which respiratory disorder is caused by bacteria that become encapsulated in the lung tissue?

Pulmonary tuberculosis

It is an infectious pulmonary disease caused by tubercle bacilli (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), which is transmitted by droplet nuclei emitted during cough, sneezing, laughing etc.

5. Which term refers to swelling due to Excess tissue fluid?

Edema

Edema refers to the accumulation of excess tissue fluid and arises due to imbalance between hydrostatic pressure and capillary osmotic pressure, capillaries becoming excessively leaky or lymphatic capillaries fail to pick up normally which leads to accumulation of tissue fluid

6. which respiratory disorder is caused by exposure to particles inhaled primarily in the workplace ( silica, coal dust, and asbestos)?

Pulmonary fibrosis

Pulmonary fibrosis arises when scars form on the epithelium of the lungs causing them to become irreversibly thickened due to inhalation of silica, coal dust, asbestos etc

7. What type of cell do both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated responses produce?

Helper T cells

Also called as CD4 cells help B cells to produce antibodies against antigens. Helper T cells promote activation and proliferation of other T cells

8. The volume of air moved in and out with each breath is called the?

Vital capacity

9. T cells mature in which gland or organ?

Thymus gland

10. Name the substance that reduces the surface tension of water in the lungs and prevents the lungs from collapsing?

Pulmonary surfactant

11. Active immunity is?

Active immunity is obtained from the introduction of an antigen. It can be acquired naturally by contracting disease, which is risky and unpleasant. It can also be artificially acquired by vaccines. The immune system is activated to produce antibodies and play an active role in providing the immunity. Anamnestic response follows within a week where boosters speed up the response time

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