*Please Type up your respone!* 1. Why would a patient with Kidney stones have hi

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*Please Type up your respone!*

1. Why would a patient with Kidney stones have high osmolality?

2. Why would there be microscopic hematuria in kidney stones?

3. what does low serum complement C3/C4/CH50 indication in a lab test?

4. Why would kidney size decrease with renal artery stenosis?

5. why would we see increase Na and Cl in Diabetes Inspidus? Why would blood venous be alkaline?

6. why would a serum osmalilty be high be a urine osmalilty in diabetes inspidus??

7. What does the water deprivation test , test for? and how can we interpret its results?

Explanation / Answer

1. Osmolality gives us the number of dissolved particles per unit volume of the liquid. High urine concentration and low urine volume are the main cause of kidney stones. Thus a patient with kidney stones have highly concentrated urine and thus high osmolality. Osmolality is directly proportional to the concentration of liquid.

2. The presence of blood cells in urine is called Hematuria. When the size of kidney stones increase in size the lining of kidney or ureter gets irritated. This irritation sometimes causes injury to local cells and thus RBCs leak into the urine.

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