FLORIDA NATIONAL UNIVERSITY ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY FIRST HOMEWORK Please answer
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Question
FLORIDA NATIONAL UNIVERSITY ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY FIRST HOMEWORK Please answer the following questions, using your critical thinking: 1.- Why homeostasis implies a healthy state 2. What is the difference between parietal cells and chief cells? 3.- Why most of the microorganisms cannot survive in the stomach? 4.- Why urine is dark, and feces pale, when we suffer hepatitis? 5.- Why can we vomit blood (hematemesis) when we suffer portal hypertension? 6. What is the difference between incisors and molars in regards of their function? 7.- Why the colon can be used to administer drugs in case of an emergency? 8.- What are Kupffer cells and their action? 9.- How bile is secreted in the duodenum during digestion? 10.- What is the difference between chyme and chyle? 11- Why we cannot domain the peristalsis when a diarrheal condition is present? 12-why a patient with partial gastrectomy need to receive intramuscular vitamin B12, in order not t? become anemic?
Explanation / Answer
2 Parietal cell: Parietal cells (also called oxyntic cells) are large, eosinophilic cells with central nuclei located peripherally along the wall of the gastric gland found in the fundic and main body of the stomach. They secrete hydrogen ions and chloride ions into lumen and are responsible for maintaining the acidic pH of the gastric lumen. They secrete bicarbonate ions into the interstitial space. These ions form a bicarbonate tide that protects the stomach wall from the eects of potential breaks in the epithelial lining. Any leaking of acid from the lumen would be quickly neutralized by the bicarbonate ions. Lastly, parietal cells synthesized and secrete intrinsic factor which aids in the absorption of vitamin B12 by the ileum.
chief cells: Chief cells (B or arrow) are located, in cluster, at the base of the glands. They synthesize and secret hydrolytic enzymes, which are activated at acid pH. These enzymes include gastric lipase, rennin and pepsin, which is secreted as pepsinogen and activated in the lumen. Pepsin hydrolyzes proteins. Rennin breaks down milk proteins and lipase initiates the digestion of fats. why most of the organism cannot survive in the stomach.
3. Because stomach secretes HCl consequently acidic environment of the stomach does not thrives the microorganism.
4. The urine is dark and faces pale, when we suffer from hepatitis because bilirubin is prevented from being eliminated into the faces, causing more bilirubin to be eliminate in urine.
6. Incisors are the front teeth. They are used for cutting/slicing food. They are generally rectangular or squarish to look at when seen from front. They generally have one root and measure about 20-23 mm in total length. There are 4 incisors in each jaw. Two central incisors and two lateral incisors.
Molars, are the workhorses of the mouth. They grind the food, while the salivary glands mix the food with saliva, and the food is partly digested in the mouth before swallowing. They are present in the back of the mouth. Six molars exist in each of the jaws (3 molars in each side). The first molar is the largest tooth in the mouth. It has 2 or 3 roots (lower molars have 2 roots, while upper molars have 3). The second molars are slightly smaller and help the first molars in grinding food. third molars are the smallest of the molars.
8. Kupffer cells are macrophages which are located inside the sinusoids of liver and are supposed to be macrophages. These cells account for the standardized monocyte or macrophage specialization such as receptor mediated phagocytosis or lysosomal digestion.
The main function of kupffer cell is phagocytosis and defence of the liver against bacteria, endotoxaemia and viral infections, they also fulfil other important roles. They will phagocytose and partially degrade bacterial antigens before handing them on to the hepatocytes for excretion into the bile. They handle LDL lipoproteins, whilst the HDL proceed directly into the hepatocytes. They produce lymphokine mediators that direct protein synthesis by the hepatocytes. Also they normally produce prostaglandins that are cyto-protective for the hepatocytes. Conversely, if they are required to attack infected hepatocytes or cancer cells, then they switch to the production of leukotrienes. Thus they function as specialised macrophages.
10 Chyle is a milky bodily fluid that forms in the small intestine. The chyle forms specifically during digestion of fatty foods. chyle is composed of emulsified fat and oils. It digests inside the small intestine proteins , carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids are completely digested and absorbed by the small intestine.
Chyme: It is t it is a mixture of partly digested food and stomach fluids. It is termed as a ‘semifluid mass of partly digested food,’ and is also known as chymus.
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