please answer all the questions answering only one questions is not helpful. Que
ID: 3522031 • Letter: P
Question
please answer all the questions answering only one questions is not helpful.
Question 15
Place the following events in the order they occur to cause and carry out a muscle contraction.
sodium and other cations flow into the cell
[ Choose ] 6 2 3 5 1 7 4
ACh is released from a motor neuron
[ Choose ] 6 2 3 5 1 7 4
ACh binds receptors on the motor end plate
[ Choose ] 6 2 3 5 1 7 4
voltage-sensing ryanodine receptors allow an influx of calcium ions
[ Choose ] 6 2 3 5 1 7 4
high intracellular calcium levels allow tropomyosin to move out of the way of myosin binding sites
[ Choose ] 6 2 3 5 1 7 4
calcium is released from intracellular storage in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
[ Choose ] 6 2 3 5 1 7 4
myosin heads bind actin and muscle contraction ensues if ATP levels are adequate
[ Choose ] 6 2 3 5 1 7 4
Question 12
rats are raised in cages with other rats and no toys
[ Choose ] social deprived enriched
rats are raised in cages with other rats, toys, and maze training
[ Choose ] social deprived enriched
largest cerebral cortex at the point when the experiment was concluded
[ Choose ] social deprived enriched
neurons that were packed most closely together at conclusion of experiment
[ Choose ] social deprived enriched
the most synapses at the conclusion of experiment
[ Choose ] social deprived enriched
Match the neurotransmitter with its role in sleep.
released by the posterior hypothalamus and cause behavioral arousal
[ Choose ] hypocretin histamine glutamate acetylcholine
released from parabrachial neurons to excite the basal forebrain, thalamus, and locus coeruleus
[ Choose ] hypocretin histamine glutamate acetylcholine
released throughout the lateral hypothalamus and cause behavioral arousal
[ Choose ] hypocretin histamine glutamate acetylcholine
released by the basal forebrain neurons that extend projections throughout the cortex and reduce the tendency of neocortical neurons to fire rhythmically
[ Choose ] hypocretin histamine glutamate acetylcholine
Question 52
Imagine three animals with different immune systems: a fully functional immune system, one missing an innate immune system, and one missing an adaptive immune system. All other things being equal, which one will die first?
a) the animal without adaptive immunity
b) the animal without innate immunity
c) the animal with a fully functional immune system
Question 53
For decades neurscientists believed that the immune system did not interact directly with the CNS, except for microglia. The recent discovery of what structures was as major part in overturning that belief?
a) brain lymph nodes
b) regions of the brain that don't have a blood vascular barrier
c) macroglia
d) brain lymphatics
Question 54
Following on the question above, for decades it was also believe that microglia were the only immune cells in the CNS, that they lived in there without any direct cellular communication to the immune system. Thinking about the fact that functional immunity involves crosstalk among many cell types, this idea is flawed because it implies that the body has no ability to undergo ___________________ response local to the CNS
a) an innate immune response
b) an adaptive immune response
Question 7
Each of the concepts listed below is most associated with EPSPs or IPSPs. Classify each by matching EPSP or IPSP on the line next to the statement.
post synaptic cell is hyperpolarized
initiates an action potential when critical threshold is reached
involves passive transport of chloride ions
involves passive transport of sodium ions
is generally observed when glutamate is the neurotransmitter
is generally observed when GABA is the neurotransmitter
Question 42
We tend to recognize traumatic or threatening situations very vividly. What neuronal mechanisms explain this?
a) behavioral arousal creates neocortical cell assemblies directly, bypassing the hippocampus
b) these situations release gluccocorticoids (stress hormones), which stimulate the formation of hippocampal cell assemblies
c) the more strongly the input patter of stimulus is, especially with behavioral arousal, the more likely we are to form strong hippocampal cell assemblies
Question 25
Which of the of the following is a true statement regarding the functions of the cerebellum?
a) the cerebellum’s primary role is for fine-tuning movements and balance very little influence on cognition
b) all projections of the cerebellum synapse within the cerebellum
c) the cerebellum has neuronal connections with the VOR, motor cortex, and prefrontal cortex and therefore refines movement and balance as well as influences cognition
d) the cerebellum is a completely autonomous structure within the brain
Question 26
Sensory neurons that respond to inflammation, extremes of temperatures, or other painful (noxious) stimuli are referred to as _____________________.
a) chemoreceptors
b) mechanoreceptors
c) photoreceptors
d) nociceptors
Question 27
In this figure what best describes the activity of off center retinal ganglion cells.
a) they are being excited by an inhibitory surround
b) they are being inhibited by an excitatory surround
c) they are being excited by an excitatory surround
d) they are being inhibited by an inhibitory surround
Question 28
Orientation preference of straight-line stimuli across the primary visual cortex is arranged in a _______________ pattern.
a) cross
b) pinwheel
c) square
d) diffuse
Question 29
Place in order the activity from a face-selective neuron in the temporal cortex of a monkey from low neural activity (1) to highest neural activity (5) for the visual stimuli listed below.
human face
cartoon of a human face
scrambled image
monkey face with no eyes
piece of fruit
Question 30 What is a major different between olfactory and visual or somatosensory projections?
a) the area of the cortex dedicated to olfaction is much larger than visual or somatosensory inputs
b) olfactory receptive fields are very specifically mapped from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory cortex
c) olfactory pathways/cortex is non-topographic and highly divergent
d) pyramidal neurons of the olfactory cortex are more sensitive than that of the visual or somatosensory cortex
uestion 45
The frontostriatal loop is an example of a _______________________.
a) negative feedback loop
b) positive feedback loop
Question 46
Which is true of the winner-take-all competition exhibited in striatal neural networks?
a) When active, medium spiny neurons inhibit other medium spiny neurons.
b) The most active medium spiny neurons excite adjacent medium spiny neurons, creating a positive feedback loop.
c) The most active medium spiny neurons secrete signals that lead to apoptosis in adjacent neurons.
Question 47
The Wisconsin card sort task is used in order to ________________________________.
a) measure the time it takes to unlearn an established behavior
b) see the effects of a treatment or injury on working memory
c) measure the speed at which a person can state the text of words written in various colors
Question 48
What does functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measure?
a) glucose metabolism
b) changes in blood flow (and thus oxygenation)
c) electrical activity
d) all of the above
Question 49
An example of working memory is
a) the ability to recall an address from your childhood
b) the ability to remember a phone number you learned yesterday
c) the ability to repeat a task such as solving a 3-dimensional puzzle
d) the ability to remember a brief list of ingredients in a recipe and what to do with them
Question 50
Which of the following immune cells has been implicated in synapse pruning?
macrophages
mast cells
T cells
microglia
Question 51
The __________ lineage of cells is mostly innate in function while the __________ is mostly adaptive. (though there is, of course, overlap in function).
a) myeloid; lymphoid
b) lymphoid; myeloid
c) hematopoietic; lymphatic
d) mesenchymal; hematopoietic
Question 52
Imagine three animals with different immune systems: a fully functional immune system, one missing an innate immune system, and one missing an adaptive immune system. All other things being equal, which one will die first?
a) the animal without adaptive immunity
b) the animal without innate immunity
c) the animal with a fully functional immune system
Question 53
For decades neurscientists believed that the immune system did not interact directly with the CNS, except for microglia. The recent discovery of what structures was as major part in overturning that belief?
a) brain lymph nodes
b) regions of the brain that don't have a blood vascular barrier
c) macroglia
d) brain lymphatics
Question 54
Following on the question above, for decades it was also believe that microglia were the only immune cells in the CNS, that they lived in there without any direct cellular communication to the immune system. Thinking about the fact that functional immunity involves crosstalk among many cell types, this idea is flawed because it implies that the body has no ability to undergo ___________________ response local to the CNS
a) an innate immune response
b) an adaptive immune response
a) the animal without adaptive immunity
b) the animal without innate immunity
92 CHAPTER 3 Neuronal Plasticity Total brain (mg) Cerebral cortex (mg) 680 1680 Figure 3.20 Environmental enrichment 644 1644 effects. Total brain and cerebral cortex mass are increased in rats that grew up in an enriched environment with access to various "toys," interactions with other rats and daily maze training (A). Rats in the "deprived" comparison group are housed individually in standard rat cages (no toys). Panel (B) demonstrates that environmental enrichment decreases cortical neuron density without changing synapse density Therefore, the number of synapses per neuron is increased. Rats housed with other rats but without toys or daily training 600- 1600 Deprived Enriched Deprived Enriched Synapses/neurons Synapses (per mm3) Neurons (per cm3) 100 10,000 80 8,000 8 .6 60 6,000 (the "social" condition) exhibit only weak enrichment effects. [After Rosenzweig et al.,4 1962, and Turner and Greenough, 1985 40 4,000 Deprived Social Enriched Deprived Social Enriched Deprived Social Enniched How Does Experience Affect Brain and Cortex Size? 3.6Explanation / Answer
15)2,3,1,6,4,5,7. 12)subpart 1) a)deprived,b)enriched,c)enriched,4)deprived,5)social. subpart 2)a)histamine,b)glutmate,3)hypocretin,4)acetylcholine. 52)option a. 25)option c 26) option d. 27) option b. 28)pinwheel pattern.
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