please answer all the questions answering only one questions is not helpful. Que

Question

please answer all the questions answering only one questions is not helpful.
Question 15

Place the following events in the order they occur to cause and carry out a muscle contraction.

sodium and other cations flow into the cell

      [ Choose ]            6            2            3            5            1            7            4      

ACh is released from a motor neuron

      [ Choose ]            6            2            3            5            1            7            4      

ACh binds receptors on the motor end plate

      [ Choose ]            6            2            3            5            1            7            4      

voltage-sensing ryanodine receptors allow an influx of calcium ions

      [ Choose ]            6            2            3            5            1            7            4      

high intracellular calcium levels allow tropomyosin to move out of the way of myosin binding sites

      [ Choose ]            6            2            3            5            1            7            4      

calcium is released from intracellular storage in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

      [ Choose ]            6            2            3            5            1            7            4      

myosin heads bind actin and muscle contraction ensues if ATP levels are adequate

      [ Choose ]            6            2            3            5            1            7            4      

Question 12

rats are raised in cages with other rats and no toys

      [ Choose ]            social            deprived            enriched      

rats are raised in cages with other rats, toys, and maze training

      [ Choose ]            social            deprived            enriched      

largest cerebral cortex at the point when the experiment was concluded

      [ Choose ]            social            deprived            enriched      

neurons that were packed most closely together at conclusion of experiment

      [ Choose ]            social            deprived            enriched      

the most synapses at the conclusion of experiment

      [ Choose ]            social            deprived            enriched      

Match the neurotransmitter with its role in sleep.

released by the posterior hypothalamus and cause behavioral arousal

      [ Choose ]            hypocretin            histamine            glutamate            acetylcholine      

released from parabrachial neurons to excite the basal forebrain, thalamus, and locus coeruleus

      [ Choose ]            hypocretin            histamine            glutamate            acetylcholine      

released throughout the lateral hypothalamus and cause behavioral arousal

      [ Choose ]            hypocretin            histamine            glutamate            acetylcholine      

released by the basal forebrain neurons that extend projections throughout the cortex and reduce the tendency of neocortical neurons to fire rhythmically

      [ Choose ]            hypocretin            histamine            glutamate            acetylcholine      

Question 52

Imagine three animals with different immune systems: a fully functional immune system, one missing an innate immune system, and one missing an adaptive immune system. All other things being equal, which one will die first?

a) the animal without adaptive immunity

b) the animal without innate immunity

c) the animal with a fully functional immune system

Question 53

For decades neurscientists believed that the immune system did not interact directly with the CNS, except for microglia. The recent discovery of what structures was as major part in overturning that belief?

a) brain lymph nodes

b) regions of the brain that don't have a blood vascular barrier

c) macroglia

d) brain lymphatics

Question 54

Following on the question above, for decades it was also believe that microglia were the only immune cells in the CNS, that they lived in there without any direct cellular communication to the immune system. Thinking about the fact that functional immunity involves crosstalk among many cell types, this idea is flawed because it implies that the body has no ability to undergo ___________________ response local to the CNS

a) an innate immune response

b) an adaptive immune response

Question 7

Each of the concepts listed below is most associated with EPSPs or IPSPs. Classify each by matching EPSP or IPSP on the line next to the statement.

post synaptic cell is hyperpolarized

         initiates an action potential when critical threshold is reached      

involves passive transport of chloride ions

         involves passive transport of sodium ions      

is generally observed when glutamate is the neurotransmitter

         is generally observed when GABA is the neurotransmitter  

Question 42

We tend to recognize traumatic or threatening situations very vividly. What neuronal mechanisms explain this?

a) behavioral arousal creates neocortical cell assemblies directly, bypassing the hippocampus

b) these situations release gluccocorticoids (stress hormones), which stimulate the formation of hippocampal cell assemblies

c) the more strongly the input patter of stimulus is, especially with behavioral arousal, the more likely we are to form strong hippocampal cell assemblies

Question 25

Which of the of the following is a true statement regarding the functions of the cerebellum?

a) the cerebellum’s primary role is for fine-tuning movements and balance very little influence on cognition

b) all projections of the cerebellum synapse within the cerebellum

c) the cerebellum has neuronal connections with the VOR, motor cortex, and prefrontal cortex and therefore refines movement and balance as well as influences cognition

d) the cerebellum is a completely autonomous structure within the brain

Question 26

Sensory neurons that respond to inflammation, extremes of temperatures, or other painful (noxious) stimuli are referred to as _____________________.

a) chemoreceptors

b) mechanoreceptors

c) photoreceptors

d) nociceptors

Question 27

In this figure what best describes the activity of off center retinal ganglion cells.

a) they are being excited by an inhibitory surround

b) they are being inhibited by an excitatory surround

c) they are being excited by an excitatory surround

d) they are being inhibited by an inhibitory surround

Question 28

Orientation preference of straight-line stimuli across the primary visual cortex is arranged in a _______________ pattern.

a) cross

b) pinwheel

c) square

d) diffuse

Question 29

Place in order the activity from a face-selective neuron in the temporal cortex of a monkey from low neural activity (1) to highest neural activity (5) for the visual stimuli listed below.

human face

         cartoon of a human face        

scrambled image

         monkey face with no eyes        

piece of fruit

         Question 30 What is a major different between olfactory and visual or somatosensory projections?

a) the area of the cortex dedicated to olfaction is much larger than visual or somatosensory inputs

b) olfactory receptive fields are very specifically mapped from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory cortex

c) olfactory pathways/cortex is non-topographic and highly divergent

d) pyramidal neurons of the olfactory cortex are more sensitive than that of the visual or somatosensory cortex

a) the animal without adaptive immunity

b) the animal without innate immunity

92 CHAPTER 3 Neuronal Plasticity Total brain (mg) Cerebral cortex (mg) 680 1680 Figure 3.20 Environmental enrichment 644 1644 effects. Total brain and cerebral cortex mass are increased in rats that grew up in an enriched environment with access to various "toys," interactions with other rats and daily maze training (A). Rats in the "deprived" comparison group are housed individually in standard rat cages (no toys). Panel (B) demonstrates that environmental enrichment decreases cortical neuron density without changing synapse density Therefore, the number of synapses per neuron is increased. Rats housed with other rats but without toys or daily training 600- 1600 Deprived Enriched Deprived Enriched Synapses/neurons Synapses (per mm3) Neurons (per cm3) 100 10,000 80 8,000 8 .6 60 6,000 (the "social" condition) exhibit only weak enrichment effects. [After Rosenzweig et al.,4 1962, and Turner and Greenough, 1985 40 4,000 Deprived Social Enriched Deprived Social Enriched Deprived Social Enniched How Does Experience Affect Brain and Cortex Size? 3.6

Explanation / Answer

Question 15:

Question 12:

(explanation for #4: Tightly packed neurons means highest number of neuron per cm2)

released by the posterior hypothalamus and cause behavioral arousal => Histamine

released from parabrachial neurons to excite the basal forebrain, thalamus, and locus coeruleus => Glutamate

released throughout the lateral hypothalamus and cause behavioral arousal => Hypocretin

released by the basal forebrain neurons that extend projections throughout the cortex and reduce the tendency of neocortical neurons to fire rhythmically => Acetylcholine

Question 52:

ANSWER: b) the animal without innate immunity

Explanation: Adaptive immunity requires some time to fight against an infection. During this time, innate immunity fights. So if the innate immunity is absent, then the infection will not be fight during the intial time and the organism will die before the adaptive immunity develops.

Question 7:

Question 42:

ANSWER: c) the more strongly the input patter of stimulus is, especially with behavioral arousal, the more likely we are to form strong hippocampal cell assemblies

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