please answer all the questions Question 41 Cells that have “wired together” in

Question

please answer all the questions

Question 41

Cells that have “wired together” in a cell assembly can spread an input from a subset of neurons to the entire assembly. This process is called_____________.

a) long term potentiation

b) Hebbian synapse

c) pattern completion

d) sequence learning

Question 42

We tend to recognize traumatic or threatening situations very vividly. What neuronal mechanisms explain this?

a) behavioral arousal creates neocortical cell assemblies directly, bypassing the hippocampus

b) these situations release gluccocorticoids (stress hormones), which stimulate the formation of hippocampal cell assemblies

c) the more strongly the input patter of stimulus is, especially with behavioral arousal, the more likely we are to form strong hippocampal cell assemblies

Question 43

In rat experiments, it has been shown that the conditioned fear response is mediated predominantly by the ___________, while the contextual fear response also involves the ______________ .

a) neocortex, amygdala

b) hippocampus, amygdala

c) amygdala, hippocampus

d) thalamus, hippocampus

Question 44

The selection of goals, actions and movements involves a system of interconnected brain regions that is known as the ________________________ system.

a) basal ganglia

b) ventral tegmental

c) dorsal striatum

d) frontostriatal

Question 45

The frontostriatal loop is an example of a _______________________.

a) negative feedback loop

b) positive feedback loop

Question 46

Which is true of the winner-take-all competition exhibited in striatal neural networks?

a) When active, medium spiny neurons inhibit other medium spiny neurons.

b) The most active medium spiny neurons excite adjacent medium spiny neurons, creating a positive feedback loop.

c) The most active medium spiny neurons secrete signals that lead to apoptosis in adjacent neurons.

Question 47

The Wisconsin card sort task is used in order to ________________________________.

a) measure the time it takes to unlearn an established behavior

b) see the effects of a treatment or injury on working memory

c) measure the speed at which a person can state the text of words written in various colors

Question 48

What does functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measure?

a) glucose metabolism

b) changes in blood flow (and thus oxygenation)

c) electrical activity

d) all of the above

Question 49

An example of working memory is

a) the ability to recall an address from your childhood

b) the ability to remember a phone number you learned yesterday

c) the ability to repeat a task such as solving a 3-dimensional puzzle

d) the ability to remember a brief list of ingredients in a recipe and what to do with them

Question 50

Which of the following immune cells has been implicated in synapse pruning?

macrophages

mast cells

T cells

microglia

Question 51

The __________ lineage of cells is mostly innate in function while the __________ is mostly adaptive. (though there is, of course, overlap in function).

a) myeloid; lymphoid

b) lymphoid; myeloid

c) hematopoietic; lymphatic

d) mesenchymal; hematopoietic

Question 52

Imagine three animals with different immune systems: a fully functional immune system, one missing an innate immune system, and one missing an adaptive immune system. All other things being equal, which one will die first?

a) the animal without adaptive immunity

b) the animal without innate immunity

c) the animal with a fully functional immune system

Question 53

For decades neurscientists believed that the immune system did not interact directly with the CNS, except for microglia. The recent discovery of what structures was as major part in overturning that belief?

a) brain lymph nodes

b) regions of the brain that don't have a blood vascular barrier

c) macroglia

d) brain lymphatics

Question 54

Following on the question above, for decades it was also believe that microglia were the only immune cells in the CNS, that they lived in there without any direct cellular communication to the immune system. Thinking about the fact that functional immunity involves crosstalk among many cell types, this idea is flawed because it implies that the body has no ability to undergo ___________________ response local to the CNS

a) an innate immune response

b) an adaptive immune response

a) long term potentiation

b) Hebbian synapse

Explanation / Answer

41.c .pattern completion.

42.

43.c) amygdala, hippocampus.

44.d) frontostriatal system .

45.b) positive feedback loop.

46.a) When active, medium spiny neurons inhibit other medium spiny neurons.

47.a) measure the time it takes to unlearn an established behavior

48.d .All of the above.

49.d) the ability to remember a brief list of ingredients in a recipe and what to do with them.

50.microglia.

51.a) myeloid; lymphoid

52.

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