- Identify the major circulatory system components and their structural/function

Question

- Identify the major circulatory system components and their structural/functional relationships

- Develop a model to illustrate blood flow through the circulatory system

- Identify the major structural features of the heart and the roles they play in ensuring one-way

blood flow

- Develop a model to illustrate the events of the cardiac cycle

- Describe the phases of a pacemaker potential and action potential in cardiac muscle,

including the ions and ion channels involved

- Determine how heart rate can be altered by the autonomic nervous system

- Describe the electrical events and structures of the conduction system that lead to the timing

of the phases of the cardiac cycle

- Identify the important anatomical and physiological features of contractile cardiocytes

- Identify the factors that influence cardiac output

Explanation / Answer

1) The major circulatory system compnents are heart , arteries and veins and blood, the heart keeps the circulatory system working at all times , the arteries carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart and where it needs to go, veins carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs where they receive oxygen, blood is transport media,the heart provides the driving force its action is dynamic and measurable , the blood vessels are carrying agents, cappilaries for transport via diffusion of gases, blood is combination of blood cells where RBC helps in transport of oxygen and hemoglobin helps in enhances oxygen solubility. 2)The blood flow through the circulatory system:the blood circulation starts when the heart relaxes between 2 heartbeats , blood flow from both atria in to the ventricles which then expand then both the ventricles pump the blood into the arteries large, in the systemic circulation the left ventricles pumps oxygen rich blood into the main artery ( aorta) the blood travels from the main artery to the larger and smaller arteries into the capillary network there nutrients and oxygen and othersubstances are releases and takes the carbondioxide and waste substances and this now collected in veins and travels to the right atrium and into the left ventricles now pulmonary circulation starts , the right ventricles pumps blood that carries little oxygen into the pulmonary artery which branches into smaller arteries and capillaries these capillaries from a fine network around the pulmonary vesicles there the exchanges of gases take place in the blod this oxygen rich blod travels through pulmonary veins and the left atrium into the left ventricles . 3)Structural features of the heart: the heart is a 4 chambered heart it is enclosed in a pericardial sac layers of the heart are epicardium myocardium and endocardium, the chambers of the heart are right atrium , right ventricles , left atrium and left ventricle, valves of the heart arterioventricular valve the right av valve is tricuspid valve and left av valve is bicuspid valve and semilunar valve.the b lood enters the right side of the heart through superior vena cave and inferior vena cava into the right atrium, when the right atrium contracts the blod goes through the tricuspid valve and then into the right ventirclethen the right ventricles contracts blood is pumped through the pulmonary veininto the pulmonary artery and into the lungs where it picks up oxygen, now the blood returns to the heart from lungs by pulmonary vein and goes into the left atrium , when the left atrium contracts blood travels through the mitral valve and into the left ventricle and from here to aorta through aortic valve. 4) Events of cardiac cycle:the cardiac cycle is a complete heart beat from its generation to the beginning of the next beat, it is initiated by spontaneous generation of AP in SA node . the cycle includes the atrial systole for 0.1 sec then ventricular systole for 0.3 sec then atrial diastole for 0.7 sec then ventricular diastole for 0.5 sec ( no time left to complete all questions )

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