For the following studies, identify (a) study design, (b) exposure variable(s),

Question

For the following studies, identify (a) study design, (b) exposure variable(s), (c) outcome variables(s), and (d) one advantage of the study design that was used, relative to the study information provided (in one sentence):

1. Researchers studied the effects of smoking and infant transforming growth factor alpha (TGFA) alleles in an ethnically homogenous setting to determine their possible association with nonsyndrome cleft lip and/or palate (CLP). Medical histories and interview information were obtained for mothers of 302 CLP cases and for 567 mothers of non-malformed children. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that smoking was associated with cleft lip and/or cleft palate (odds ratio = 1.40, 95% confidence interval 0.99 – 2.00), whereas TGFA was not associated with CLP.

a. Study Design

b. Exposure

c. Outcome

d. Advantage

Explanation / Answer

a).study design was Retrospective case control study. Because as the researchers used medical histories and interview information was obtained. " cases" are the diseased sample and "controls" are the non diseased sample from the population and then assessed for risk factors exposure.

b). Exposure: Smoking , TGFA alleles in ethnically homogeneous setting ( independent variable which can influence the outcome)

c). Outcome: occurrence of cleft lip/palate (CLP) dependent variable which can be influenced by exposure(smoking).

d). Advantage:

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