A& P Take Home Essay Questions (50 pts) 1. Choose either hearing or visio n and

Question

A& P Take Home Essay Questions (50 pts) 1. Choose either hearing or visio n and describe the events that occur starting with the transduction of the . (15pts) stimulus all the way to the signal reaching the brain. Be specifie with anatomy and physiology 2. Explain how the hu used by the body to achieve homeostasis in the face of a change in this property. Inclu mechanisms regulate homeostasis. (10 pts) man body maintains homeostatic control of body temperature. Describe the mechanisms de how negative feedback 3. Name the 3 types of muscle and give their general locations, their morphology and how they function. Emphasize how the anatomy/structure of the muscle is ideally suited for its function. (10pts) 4. Frank is in a car accident and severs an artery in his leg. He loses a significant amount of blood and experiences a drop blood pressure. Explain how Frank's body will quickly respond in an attempt to maintain homeostasis of blood pressure. (15 pts)

Explanation / Answer

1. Hearing

sound waves--->vibration of eardrum-->vibration of middle ear bones-->vibration of oval window-->movement of fluid in cochlea-->vibration of basilar membrane-->receptor hair cells bedn-->influx of K+ions into receptor hair cells--> receptor hair cell voltage becomes positive-->increased action potential generated in auditory nerve-->action potential generated in cochlea-->Mid pons(superior olive)-->pons-midbrain junction(lateral leminiscus)-->caudal midbrain(inferior colliculus-->rostral midbrain(medial geniculate complex of thalamus)-->primary auditory cortex.

2.

body temperature controls by Hypothalamus of brain.It does this by triggering changes to effectors,su.ch as sweat glands and muscles controlling body hair,blood vessels.water evaporating from skin cools the body and keeping its temperature in healthy range.

negative feedback mechanism:

when body temperature rises above normal,negative feedback mechanism activated

body temp rises-->signal send to hypothalamus of brain-->nervous system signals dermal blood vessels to dilates and sweat glands to secretes-->body heat lost in surrounding-->body temperature drops towords normal.

3. types of muscle:

-smooth muscle: spindle shaped,nonstriated,occurs in walls of internal organs,involuntary

-cardiac muscle: striated,branched,uninucleated,occurs in walls of heart,involuntary

-skeletal muscle:striated,tubular,multinucleated,attches to skeleton,voluntary

skeletal muscle moves bones and other structure.cadiac muscle contracts heart to pump blood.

4.when there is decrease in blood pressure. 2 system gets activated to maintain hemeostasis of blood pressure.

*endocrine system:-->ADH,angiotensisn II, aldosterone released-->increased in blood volume-->homeostasis restored.

*neural system:-->1.baroreceptors,chemoreceptors stimulated 2.cardiovascular centres stimulated 3.general sympathetic activation release epinephrine and norepinephrine-->leads to increased in cardiac output,peripheral vasoconstriction,increased in blood pressure,decrease venous reserve-->homeostasis restored

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