1 Explain the events of inspiration and expiration in terms of muscle contractio

Question

1 Explain the events of inspiration and expiration in terms of muscle contraction, change in volume (space), change in pressure and flow of air.



2 What factors stimulate breathing? Between O2 and CO2, which is more important in terms of stimulation of breathing? Why?





3 What does GFR stand for? What happens in nephrons if GFR is too high? Too low?



4 Describe the positive feedback mechanism used by the nephron loop to make the medulla salty. What is the purpose of this mechanism?



5 Where does the water in our bodies come from? How is it lost? How is it retained? 1 Explain the events of inspiration and expiration in terms of muscle contraction, change in volume (space), change in pressure and flow of air.



2 What factors stimulate breathing? Between O2 and CO2, which is more important in terms of stimulation of breathing? Why?





3 What does GFR stand for? What happens in nephrons if GFR is too high? Too low?



4 Describe the positive feedback mechanism used by the nephron loop to make the medulla salty. What is the purpose of this mechanism?



5 Where does the water in our bodies come from? How is it lost? How is it retained? 1 Explain the events of inspiration and expiration in terms of muscle contraction, change in volume (space), change in pressure and flow of air.



2 What factors stimulate breathing? Between O2 and CO2, which is more important in terms of stimulation of breathing? Why?





3 What does GFR stand for? What happens in nephrons if GFR is too high? Too low?



4 Describe the positive feedback mechanism used by the nephron loop to make the medulla salty. What is the purpose of this mechanism?



5 Where does the water in our bodies come from? How is it lost? How is it retained?

Explanation / Answer

1.Inhalation occurs due to increse in lung vol..the diagraphm contracts and chest wall expands that result in decrease in lung pressure resulting in rushing of aur.Exhalation occurs due to elastic recoiling of lung tissue resulting in decrease in volumes, pressure increases resulting in rushing out of air.

Inhalation result in contraction of diagraphm and intercostal muscle which expands thoracic cavity.with the increse in volume , pressure is decreased.

As pressure decrease in thoracic cavity pressure gradient occurs between atmosphere and thoracic cavity which result in rushing of air.As a result vol.increses, increase in vol.is attributed to an increase in alveolar space because branchoioles and bronchi does not change in size.

Chest wall expands out away from lungs. As air fills the lungs elastic recoiling of lungs exert pressure back towards interior of lungs .

During exhalation lungd recoil to force out air out of lungs .intercostal muscle also relax chest wall comes to original position.

2. Factors which stimulate breathing.

C02 : CO2 stimulates breathing .when ventilation is inadequate co2 levels rise on drops. Rise in C02 stimulate respiratory centres to increse the rate of breathing .

Increased H+ in blood stimulate breathing ..

In central sleep apnea breathing stops.

Exercise stimulates breathing.

CO2 HAS more potent influence over breathing high level of co2 increased level of acid low on and more 02 is needed.

3.GFR stands for Glomerular filtration rate.if GFR is too high needed substances are not reabsorbed quickly and lost in urine .

If GFR is low everything is reabsorbed even harmful wastes.

5.water in our body comes from mainly by absorbing it from digestive tract and by metabolization of nutrients.

It can be retained by balancing the water level in our body .we should drunk about 2 litres of water a day .

Thanks

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