The respiratory system absorbs oxygen and the cardiovascular system delivers oxy
ID: 3516403 • Letter: T
Question
The respiratory system absorbs oxygen and the cardiovascular system delivers oxygen (O2 ). Refer to the pathway of respiration and circulation, answer these questions with cited reference in details: 1. We know some patients need oxygen tank, la. List the pathological conditions that may need oxygen tank (2 points). 1b. Explain how the oxygen tank help the patients in each condition (4 points) 1c. If a normal healthy person use an oxygen tank for several hours, explain the possible outcomes and why that may happen (6 points)? 1d. There is a term called "altitude sickness", explain how it developed (4 point) 2. During respiration, after the oxygen enters the lung, 2a. explain how the oxygen molecules move from air into blood in details, list the type of cells and molecules involved in this process (4 points) 2b. In normal blood, Is there free oxygen in plasma? what's the percentage of oxygen binding to hemoglobin? explain why is this condition (5 points) 2c. List the names and locations of the blood vessels directly deliver the oxygen-rich blood to liver, kidney, pancreas, heart and brain respectively (5 points)? 2d. What's the driving power for the oxygen to move from blood vessel and enter the surrounding tissue cells? Describe the process (5 points). 3. There are two types of blood, oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor in cardiovascular system. 3a. What's the partial pressure of O2 and CO2 in the blood in aorta respectively? How do they affect the pH value of the blood ? (5 points) 3b. What's the partial pressure of O2 and CO2 in the blood in superior vena cava respectively? How do they affect the pH value of the blood? (4 points)Explanation / Answer
Answered only first 2 questions all subparts.
1a. Four Pathological Conditions that need Oxygen Tank
1b.
Anemia:
In Anemia Hemoglobin level in the blood is reduced, so we give oxygen tank supply of oxygen to increase dissolved oxygen amount to be transported as Physical solution to tissues.
COPD:
In COPD disease thickness of Respiratory Membrane increases so supplementary tank oxygen given enters lungs through increased partial pressure gradient between alveolar end to capillary side of Respiratory membrane and the gradient drives and facilitates the oxygen into blood.
High Altitude:
As Oxygen in Atmosphere is Less at High altitude compared to sea level to prevent Hypoxic Hypoxia oxygen tank supply is administered.
CO Poisoning
CO affinity to Hemoglobin is 210 times more than Oxygen, Hyperbaric Oxygen Tank supply is needed to release the binding sites of CO with Hemoglobin with additional oxygen supplied at Higher pressure.
1C. Use of Excess Oxygen by Normal Person for Several Hours causes: Oxygen Toxicity (oxygen Poisoning)
Inhalation of 100% Pure Oxygen: Oxygen Toxicity
Inhalation of 100 % oxygen at 1 atm (760 mmHg) 8 hours no effect.
Symptoms are:
1d. Altitude Sickness
When Ascent to high altitudes Low barometric Pressure, Low oxygen content leads to hypoxia and hypoxic effects termed altitude sickness.
There are two types namely: Acute Altitude Sickness, due acute oxygen deficiency and if person stays for longer periods such as days and months causes Chronic Altitude Sickness.
Acute effects: At 12000 ft (3656 m) above sea level if a person ascends causes - Drowsiness , Lassitude, Mental and Muscle fatigue, Headache, Nausea, Euphoria
2. List of Cells and Molecules involved in Oxygen transport from air to blood
Oxygen from Atmospheric Air ? reaches alveoli (alveolar Oxygen) ? oxygen traverses through thin fluid that lines alveoli ? then oxygen traverses through layer of surfactant ? alveolar Epithelium? alveolar Basement Membrane ? Interstitial space between alveolar epithelium and alveolar capillary endothelium ?capillary endothelium basement membrane ?alveolar capillary endothelium ? 2% dissolves in blood ? 98% transverses (enters) cell membrane of Red blood cells ? reaches Hemoglobin present in RBC ? and binds to Hemoglobin
2b.
Free Oxygen in Plasma (Dissolved Oxygen) - 2%
Oxygen bound with Hemoglobin- 98%
The difference between free oxygen and combined oxygen with Hemoglobin is due to the increased affinity of Hemoglobin to bind readily with Respiratory Pigments such as Hemoglobin and dissolved oxygen percentage in the blood is explained by Henry’s law.
Henrys Law is Cx = Px X Solubility
Cx = Concentration of Dissolved gas (ml gas/ 100 ml blood)
Px= Partial pressure of gas in blood (mmHg)
Solubility = Solubility of gas in blood (ml gas/ 100 ml blood/mm Hg)
2c. Names of Blood vessels and location that supply
Liver : Hepatic Artery arises from celiac artery : Location: abdomen
Kidney: Renal Artery, Right and left arises from abdominal aorta below superior mesenteric artery.
Pancreas: branches of both the coeliac artery and superior mesenteric artery Superior and Inferior Pancreaticoduodenal arteries, gastroduodenal artery, Splenic artery branches and others, Location: retroperitoneal
Heart: Coronary Arteries Right and left arise from aorta near aortic valves.
Brain: Anterior, Middle and Posterior cerebral arteries, location base of Brain.
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