1. What are the main functions and components of the respiratory system? a. How

Question

1. What are the main functions and components of the respiratory system?

a. How is the movement of air in the respiratory system similar to the movement of blood in the circulatory system?

b. How does the production of mucus and action of cilia help clean the respiratory tract? Your answer should include: epithelium, cilia, mucus, saline, submucosal gld

c. How do cotransporters , chloride channels and paracellular pathways generate the saline layer in the lumen of the trachea? What happens in cystic fibrosis when the chloride channel malfunctions?

d. What are the two types of alveolar cells and what do each of them do?

Explanation / Answer

The functions and components of the respiratory system: the components are the nostrils, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveolus,diaphragm,the functions are is to transport air into the lungs and to facilitate the diffusion of oxygen into the stream and receives waste carbondioxide from the blood and exhales it. a)The movement of air in the respiratory system similar to the movement of blood in the circulatory system in respiratory system there is a exchange of oxygen and carbondioxide in the alveoli,in the circulatory system there is exchange of oxygen and carbondioxide from blood stream to tissues/cells. b)The mucus is produced by submucosal glands within the surface epithelium of airways, this mucus acts as a barrier to infectious and irritating particles,the cilia and sticky mucus work together to protect the lungs from infection, the mucus traps the bacteria or pathogens and then the cilia move in a synchronized pattern to waft the mucus up the airway to the back of the throat where it is swallowed and any pathogens can be killed. c)NKCC(na-k-cl cotransporter) brings chlorine into epithelialcells from ECF, apical anion channels allows chlorine to enter the lumen and sodium goes from ecf to lumen by the paracellular pathway, nacl movement from the ecf to the lumen creates aconcentration gradient so water follows into the lumen then saline is created, in cystic fibrosis cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator(cftr)is defective in this patient so chlorine is prevented from leaving the cell and leads to dtsregulation of epithelial fluid transport in the lungs. d)The two types of alveolar cells are type 1 alveoli type and type 2 alveoli ,type 1 alveolar cells are squamous and covers 90-95% of the alveolar surface these are involved in the process of gas exchange between the alveoli and blood, type2 alveolar cells there main functions is of secretion of pulmonary surfactant which decreases the surface tension within the alveoli.   

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