7. What is the difference between isotonic and isometric contractions? What is t

Question

7. What is the difference between isotonic and isometric contractions? What is the difference between eccentric, concentric contractions? Be able to give an example of each type of contraction 8. What are the 3 metabolic pathways in which muscles generate ATP? How much ATP is produced? What other products are produced? What type of activity/sport uses these pathways to generate energy? 9. Define these terms as they apply to muscle metabolism: lactic acid, pyruvic acid, creatine phosphate, myoglobin 10. What are the 3 types of muscle fibers? Describe their structure and function. Give examples of an athlete or sport that would have a higher predominance of each of the fiber types

Explanation / Answer

7. Isotonic contractions are where the tension in the muscles develop to a point and then reaches its constant value when there is a change in the length of the muscle. This requires activation of motor units in order to produce the muscular tension. Examples of isotonic contractions include moving limbs, walking, running etc. Isotonic contractions have shorter contraction and relaxation times. A great deal of heat is released during the contraction. And, isotonic contractions occur at the middle of a contraction.

Isometric contractions are those where there is no change in the length of the muscle; and the tension never exceeds the load which is to be carried. The muscular tension produced never exceeds the opposing force. Examples include holding a weight or pushing an object. Isometric contractions have longer contraction and relaxation times. Also, the heat produced in these type of contractions are less. They occur at the towards the beginning and end of a muscular contraction.

The differences between eccentric and concentric contractions are as under:

Eccentric contractions Concentric contractions This type of contraction involves lengthening of the muscles at the time of contraction and the force produced cannot overcome resistance produced by the external force. Involves shortening of the muscles at the time of contraction; the force generated is enough to overcome the resistance of the external force. Examples include Walking. The muscles lengthen because the external force produced by walking overrides the force generated by muscles. Examples include weight lifting in a bicep's curl whereby the force generated to carry the load is enough and hence causes shortening of muscles and is less than the muscle's maximum capacity.

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