The respiratory system has many different organs and passageways. In general all

Question

The respiratory system has many different organs and passageways. In general all of the passages that get air to the air sacs or the _______________, are called _______________ while the air sacs are called the respiratory membrane. The nasal chamber does the following to the air that comes in via inhalation, it __________, ________________, and _____________ the incoming air. Then the air moves into a muscular tube called the pharnyx which is divided into three parts that go from superior to inferior __________, then to the _____________ then to __________. The nasopharynx is lined by _______________ epithelium which secretes mucus while the oropharynx is lined with _______________ epithelium since the coarse food is abrasive on epithelium and this type of epithelium is good for protection.

The lumen of the trachea is lined with ________________ epithelium. This reflects its role in secreting mucus. Given its your windpipe and needs to stay open the outer part of this tube is lined with _________________ tissue. From the trachea the air moves into the ___________ then to the lobar bronchus, then to the _______________ and eventually this respiratory tree ends with terminal bronchioles. As you go into smaller and smaller brochioles, several structural changes occur. The ____________ tissue disappears while the epithelium changes from pseudostratifiedcolumnar to ____________ epithelium.

Air sacs or alveoli are lined with _____________ epithelium. The air in the air sacs that was inhaled has O2 at a pressure of about ___________ and CO2 at a pressure of _________. The incoming blood that came via the pulmonary artery has less O2 but more CO2. Hence O2 flows by diffusion from the ____________ to the _____________ while CO2 flows from the __________ to the ______________. The exchange of gasses here is called EXTERNAL RESPIRATION.

Hemoglobin now is bound to O2. Hemoglobin binds to up to _____ (how many) O2 and can be fully saturated, partially saturated and not bound at all to O2. As it goes through the systemic circulation, there are several factors that hemoglobin encounters which makes it change its shape and eventually let go of O2 to the tissues. These factors include __________, ___________, and ______________.  

CO2 which is high in the tissues due to it being a byproduct of internal respiration (breaking down glucose with O2) reacts with water to make ___________ which then reacts to become H+ and bicarbonate ions. This causes the pH to decrease and this ______________ hemoglobins affinity for O2. CO2 then travels in both the plasma of the blood and attached to hemoglobin back to the heart and eventually to the lungs.

In order to breathe in during inhalation:

Muscles like diaphragm ____________________ (contract or relax?)

Volume of lungs ___________________ ( increase or decrease?)

intrapleural pressure in lungs ________________ (decreases or increases?)

Air flow goes into lungs

Name the following lungs volumes or capacities;

normal breath = ___________________

volume inhaled beyond normal breath =_________________

volume exhaled beyond normal exhalation or tidal volume = ________________

volume left in lungs after previous volume = __________________

Name what volumes comprise the vital capacity =

Explanation / Answer

The respiratory system has many different organs and passageways. In general all of the passages that get air to the air sacs or the Alveoli are called Respiratory tract while the air sacs are called the respiratory membrane. The nasal chamber does the following to the air that comes in via inhalation, it Filtrate, warm, and Humidifies the incoming air. Then the air moves into a muscular tube called the pharnyx which is divided into three parts that go from superior to inferior Nasopharynx, then to the Oropharynx then to Laryngopharynx The nasopharynx is lined by ciliated respiratory epithelium which secretes mucus while the oropharynx is lined with stratified squamous epithelium since the coarse food is abrasive on epithelium and this type of epithelium is good for protection.

The lumen of the trachea is lined with ciliated respiratory epithelium. This reflects its role in secreting mucus. Given its your windpipe and needs to stay open the outer part of this tube is lined with tracheal tissue. From the trachea the air moves into the right and left primary bronchi then to the lobar bronchus, then to the bronchial tree and eventually this respiratory tree ends with terminal bronchioles. As you go into smaller and smaller brochioles, several structural changes occur. The cartilage tissue disappears while the epithelium changes from pseudostratified columnar to simple cuboidal epithelium.

Air sacs or alveoli are lined with simple squamous epithelium. The air in the air sacs that was inhaled has O2 at a pressure of about 758mmHg and CO2 at a pressure of _________. The incoming blood that came via the pulmonary artery has less O2 but more CO2. Hence O2 flows by diffusion from the alveoli of the lungs to the blood while CO2 flows from the tissue to the Alveolar capillaries. The exchange of gasses here is called EXTERNAL RESPIRATION.

Hemoglobin now is bound to O2. Hemoglobin binds to up to Four O2 and can be fully saturated, partially saturated and not bound at all to O2. As it goes through the systemic circulation, there are several factors that hemoglobin encounters which makes it change its shape and eventually let go of O2 to the tissues. These factors include Partial pressure of CO2, Hydrogen ion concentration, , and Temperature.  

CO2 which is high in the tissues due to it being a byproduct of internal respiration (breaking down glucose with O2) reacts with water to make carbonic acid which then reacts to become H+ and bicarbonate ions. This causes the pH to decrease and this reduced hemoglobins affinity for O2. CO2 then travels in both the plasma of the blood and attached to hemoglobin back to the heart and eventually to the lungs.

In order to breathe in during inhalation:

Muscles like diaphragm contract

Volume of lungs   increases

intrapleural pressure in lungs Decreases

Air flow goes into lungs

Name the following lungs volumes or capacities;

normal breath = Tidal Volume, about 500 mililiter

volume inhaled beyond normal breath = Inspiratory reserve volume

volume exhaled beyond normal exhalation or tidal volume = Expiratory reserve volume

volume left in lungs after previous volume = Residual volume

Name what volumes comprise the vital capacity = 4000 to 5000 mililiter

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