Documentl Saved to this PC Review View Help Tell me what you want to do 2.2 Ener
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Documentl Saved to this PC Review View Help Tell me what you want to do 2.2 Energy Levels of Electrons The innermost electron shell of an atom holds no more tharn How many electrons can fill the second electron shell? (34) For each atom listed below identify the number of valence electrons it has. This is JUST the number of electrons in the outer valence shell. NOT THE TOTAL NUMBER OF ELECTRONS (34-Figure 2.7) . Hydrogen . Nitrogen What is an atom like if its valence shell is full? (35) chemically reactive or inert 2.3 Chemical Bonding Between Atoms What is shared in a covalent bond between two atoms-be specific? (36) When the electrons are shared equally this is a polar or nonpolar covalent bond? (87) Where do the electrons spend more time in a water molecule? By hydrogen or oxygen? (37) What is the name of the bond between oppositely charged ions? (37) What has a sodium ion lost to give it a positive charg e? (33) What has a chloride ion gained to give it a neg ative charge? (35) A hydrogen bond is between a hydrogen atom with a parti'al positive charge with a atom like oxygen or nitrogen. (39) Which bond holds two different water molecules together? (45) 3.2 Emergent Properties of Water which bond causes the cohesion of water molecules, (45H Which bond causes the adhesion of water molecules to other substances? (45) Which bond do polar molecules form with water that causes the polar molecules to dissolve? (49) What do you call a substance that cannot form hydrogen bonds with water? Hydrophilic or 9) 3.3 Acidic and Basic Conditions Which ion does an acid add to a solution? (hydrogen ion Ht or hydroxide ion OH) (51) Which ion does a base add to a solution? (hydrogen ion Ht or hydroxide ion OH) (51) What is the pH of a neutral solution? (52) What is the pH of an acidic solution? (52) What is the pH of a basic solution? (52)Explanation / Answer
1.The innermost electron shell of an atom holds no more than 2 electrons
2.The second most electron shell can hold 8 electrons. (formula is 2n2 ,where n = no of shell)
3.valence electron of hydrogen = 1, Carbon = 4, Oxygen = 2, nitrogen = 3
4.If an atom has its valency shell full it is chemically inert for example noble gases have their valence shell full hence considered chemically inert.
Chemical bonding between atoms.
1.Electrons are shared between atoms in covalent bonding.
2.when electrons shared equally it forms non polar covalent bond. Methane is example of non polar molecule
3.In water molecule electron spends more time with oxygen molecules,because electro negativity of oxygen is more than hydrogen
4.Ionic bond or electrvalent bond is the name given for bond formed between oppositely charged ions
5. Sodium loose electron to become positive charge.
6.Chloride ion gains electron to become negative charge
7.A hydrogen bond is between a hydrogen atom with partial positive charge with a large or electro negative atom like oxygen or nitrogen
8.Hydrogen bond holds two water molecules together.
Emergent properties of water
Hydrogen bondind causes cohesion of water molecules.
Adhesion is often caused by linking of molecules through hydrogen bonding
Hydrogen bond is formed by polar molecule with water.
A substance that cannot form hydrogen bond with water is known as hydrophobic.
Acidic and Basic conditions
An acid adds hydrogen ion in solution
Base adds hydroxide ion in solution.
pH of neutral solution is 7
pH of Acidic solution is less than 7
pH of Basic solution more than 7 upto 14
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