Describe the scientific study of Physiology Outline and describe the scientific
ID: 3504446 • Letter: D
Question
Describe the scientific study of Physiology
Outline and describe the scientific method
1.Define homeostasis.
2.Distinguish between negative feedback and positive feedback, providing examples of each, and how they help to maintain homeostasis
3.Distinguish primary tissues and subtypes.
4.Relate structure of primary tissue to function
5.Identify the different fluid compartments of the body
6.What are the three key components of a hypothesis?
7.Why isn't a hypothesis ever proven?
8.What is a scientific theory?
9.What is a control?
10.What is a double-blind study, and why are they important?
11.What role does replication play in good experimental design?
12.Explain what peer-reviewed literature is, the audience for which it is intended, and the process through which it is published?
13.Distinguish science from pseudoscience (not sure what pseudoscience is- be sure to ask)?
Explanation / Answer
The scientific method of physiology is a series of steps followed by a investigator to answer specific questions on the natural world.
The scientific method involves
*making observations,
*formulating a hypothesis and conducting scientific experiments
1.Homeostasis is the tendency to RESIST CHANGE in order to maintain a STABLE, Relatively CONSTANT INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
2.The negative feedback is distinguished by positive feedback of homeostasis by:
*negative-the response is moved to the target set point
Examples :Glucose ,Blood pressure, Hunger, Temperature regulation etc
*positive -the response is moved away from the target set point
Examples :child birth ,breastfeeding, drug addiction ,fruit ripening etc
How these feedback help to maintain homeostasis for example BARORECEPTORS which are pressure sensitive receptors in blood vessels that detect HIGHER blood pressure and SEND nerve impulses to brain for interpretation and the response is sent via nerve impulses to heart and blood vessels and the heart rate adjusts ,Blood pressure drops and homeostasis is restored.
3.Tissues are of 4 types .They are
Epithelial tissue - Based on number of cell layers epithelial tissue is divided into Simple and stratified epithelium .Based on shape of surface cells it is divided into Squamous, cuboidal columnar
Connective tissue -The subtypes include loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue ,Cartilage, Bone, Blood and Adipose tissue
Muscle- The subtypes include the skeletal ,cardiac, smooth muscle
Nervous tissue-includes neurons and nerves.
4.Epithelial tissue covers and protect the body parts
Connective tissue specializes to support the body and it's parts to connect and held them together
Muscle produces movement
Nervous tissue specializes in communication between various parts of the body and in integration of their activities
5.The different fluid compartments of body are
*Total body water
*Extracellular fluid
*Intracellular fluid
*Transcellular fluid
*Plasma volume, red cell volume
*Interstitial fluid volume.
6.The three key components of a hypothesis are
*Assumption
*Condition
*Prediction
7.A hypothesis can never be proven .Because no amount of experimental testing or evidence can prove anything in science
8.Scientific theory is a specific type of theory used in scientific method. Based on careful and reasonable explanation of facts. Based on observation, experimentation ,reasoning, which has been tested and confirmed to explain and predict natural phenomena
9.A control in a science experiment is a sample that remains same throughout the experiment
10.Double blind study is the one in which neither the participants nor the the experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment.
The double blind study is important part of scientific method used to prevent research outcomes from being INFLUENCED by the placebo effect or observer bias.
11.The basic principles of experimental design are
*Randomisation
*Replication
*Local control
Replication is the repetition of basic experiment. In all experiments some kind of variation is introduced and this type of variation can be removed using a number of experimental units .We therefore perform the experiment more than once .Replication is used to secure a more accurate estimate of the experimental error and to decrease the experimental error and thereby increase the precision.
12.A peer reviewed literature is a board of scholarly reviewers in the subject area of journal to review the article before it is published in journal in order to insure the article's quality.The article is written by experts and reviewed by several other experts.
13.Science uses a careful observation and experimentation to confirm or reject a hypothesis .Whereas pseudoscience starts with a hypothesis looks only for evidence to support it
Personal stories or testimonials are not accepted as evidence in science whereas these are relied upon for evidence in pseudoscience
Science requires a peer review whereas pseudoscience doesn't require a peer review.
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